4D flow MRI

Michael Markl*, Alex Frydrychowicz, Sebastian Kozerke, Mike Hope, Oliver Wieben

*Corresponding author for this work

Research output: Contribution to journalReview articlepeer-review

652 Scopus citations

Abstract

Traditionally, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of flow using phase contrast (PC) methods is accomplished using methods that resolve single-directional flow in two spatial dimensions (2D) of an individual slice. More recently, three-dimensional (3D) spatial encoding combined with three-directional velocity-encoded phase contrast MRI (here termed 4D flow MRI) has drawn increased attention. 4D flow MRI offers the ability to measure and to visualize the temporal evolution of complex blood flow patterns within an acquired 3D volume. Various methodological improvements permit the acquisition of 4D flow MRI data encompassing individual vascular structures and entire vascular territories such as the heart, the adjacent aorta, the carotid arteries, abdominal, or peripheral vessels within reasonable scan times. To subsequently analyze the flow data by quantitative means and visualization of complex, three-directional blood flow patterns, various tools have been proposed. This review intends to introduce currently used 4D flow MRI methods, including Cartesian and radial data acquisition, approaches for accelerated data acquisition, cardiac gating, and respiration control. Based on these developments, an overview is provided over the potential this new imaging technique has in different parts of the body from the head to the peripheral arteries.

Original languageEnglish (US)
Pages (from-to)1015-1036
Number of pages22
JournalJournal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Volume36
Issue number5
DOIs
StatePublished - Nov 2012

Keywords

  • 4D flow MRI
  • PC-VIPR
  • aorta
  • blood flow
  • carotid bifurcation
  • heart
  • hemodynamics
  • hepatic arteries
  • intracranial arteries
  • peripheral arteries
  • phase contrast
  • pulmonary arteries
  • renal arteries
  • respiration control
  • self-gating

ASJC Scopus subject areas

  • Radiology Nuclear Medicine and imaging

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