Abstract
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has become an important tool for the clinical evaluation of patients with cardiac and vascular diseases. Since its introduction in the late 1980s, quantitative flow imaging with MRI has become a routine part of standard-of-care cardiothoracic and vascular MRI for the assessment of pathological changes in blood flow in patients with cardiovascular disease. More recently, time-resolved flow imaging with velocity encoding along all three flow directions and three-dimensional (3D) anatomic coverage (4D flow MRI) has been developed and applied to enable comprehensive 3D visualization and quantification of hemodynamics throughout the human circulatory system. This article provides an overview of the use of 4D flow applications in different cardiac and vascular regions in the human circulatory system, with a focus on using 4D flow MRI in cardiothoracic and cerebrovascular diseases.
| Original language | English (US) |
|---|---|
| Pages (from-to) | 103-126 |
| Number of pages | 24 |
| Journal | Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering |
| Volume | 22 |
| DOIs | |
| State | Published - Jun 4 2020 |
Funding
The authors thank Dr. Susanne Schnell, Maria Aristova, and Justin Baraboo for their help in preparing the fgures. G.S. received grant support from the French College of Radiology Teachers (CERF) and French Radiology Society (SFR).
Keywords
- 4D flow
- blood flow
- hemodynamics
- magnetic resonance imaging
ASJC Scopus subject areas
- Biomedical Engineering
- Medicine (miscellaneous)
