TY - JOUR
T1 - Absolute metal-ligand σ bond enthalpies in group 4 metallocenes. A thermochemical, structural, photoelectron spectroscopic, and ab initio quantum chemical investigation
AU - King, Wayne A.
AU - Di Bella, Santo
AU - Gulino, Antonino
AU - Lanza, Giuseppe
AU - Fragalà, Ignazio L.
AU - Stern, Charlotte L.
AU - Marks, Tobin J.
PY - 1999/1/20
Y1 - 1999/1/20
N2 - Absolute metal-ligand σ bond enthalpies have been determined for a series of titanocene, zirconocene, and hafnocene halides and dimethyls by iodinolytic titration calorimetry. Absolute metal-iodine bond disruption enthalpies were measured by iodination of the monomeric trivalent group 4 metallocenes Cp(tt)2TiI, (Me5C5)2TiI, Cp(tt)2ZrI, and Cp(tt)2HfI (Cp(tt) = η5-1,3-di-tert-butylcyclopentadienyl). Iodinolysis of Cp(tt)2ZrMe2 and Cp(tt)2HfMe2 in turn yields absolute Zr-Me and Hf-Me bond enthalpies. Derived values (kcal/mol) are D[Cp(tt)2Ti(I)-I] = 40.6(5); D[(Me5C5)2Ti(I)-I] = 52.3(6); D[Cp(tt)2Zr(I)-I] = 58.0(5); D[Cp(tt)2Hf(I)-I] = 61.2(4); D[Cp(tt)2Zr-Me2] = 43(1); and D[Cp(tt)2Hf- Me2] = 47.6(9). That D[Cp(tt)2Zr(I)-(I)] ≃ D(I3Zr-I) and D[(Me5C5)2Ti(I)-I] ≃ D(I3Ti-I), while D[Cp(tt)2Ti(I)-I] ≃ D(I3Ti-I) - 12 kcal/mol, argues for more reliable transferability of D(M(IV)-I) in sterically less congested metallocenes. The molecular structures of Cp2(tt)ZrI2, Cp2(tt)ZrI, and Cp2(tt)HfI were determined by X-ray diffraction. In Cp(tt)2ZrI2, the Zr ligation is pseudotetrahedral, and the ring tert-butyl groups 'straddle' the Zr-I bonds to minimize steric interactions. The geometry about Zr in Cp(tt)2ZrI is pseudotrigonal, with contracted Zr-ring centroid and Zr-I distances versus Cp(tt)2grI2, primarily reflecting substantially diminished ligand-ligand repulsive nonbonded interactions in the latter. Cp(tt)2HfI is isomorphous with Cp(tt)2ZrI, and the slightly different metrical parameters are in accord with Hf vs Zr ionic radii. The significant differences in interligand repulsive interactions in the trivalent versus tetravalent complexes are confirmed by van der Waals calculations. High-resolution UV PE spectra combined with ab initio relativistic effective core potential calculations provide details of electronic structure. Absolute ionization energy values indicate that iodine behaves as both a strong σ and π donor. Trends in the large Cp2MX(n) structural database can be understood in terms of the interplay between electronic and molecular structure factors, which are highly sensitive to the substitution patterns of the cyclopentadienyl ligands and, in particular, to competing σ vs π M-X bonding.
AB - Absolute metal-ligand σ bond enthalpies have been determined for a series of titanocene, zirconocene, and hafnocene halides and dimethyls by iodinolytic titration calorimetry. Absolute metal-iodine bond disruption enthalpies were measured by iodination of the monomeric trivalent group 4 metallocenes Cp(tt)2TiI, (Me5C5)2TiI, Cp(tt)2ZrI, and Cp(tt)2HfI (Cp(tt) = η5-1,3-di-tert-butylcyclopentadienyl). Iodinolysis of Cp(tt)2ZrMe2 and Cp(tt)2HfMe2 in turn yields absolute Zr-Me and Hf-Me bond enthalpies. Derived values (kcal/mol) are D[Cp(tt)2Ti(I)-I] = 40.6(5); D[(Me5C5)2Ti(I)-I] = 52.3(6); D[Cp(tt)2Zr(I)-I] = 58.0(5); D[Cp(tt)2Hf(I)-I] = 61.2(4); D[Cp(tt)2Zr-Me2] = 43(1); and D[Cp(tt)2Hf- Me2] = 47.6(9). That D[Cp(tt)2Zr(I)-(I)] ≃ D(I3Zr-I) and D[(Me5C5)2Ti(I)-I] ≃ D(I3Ti-I), while D[Cp(tt)2Ti(I)-I] ≃ D(I3Ti-I) - 12 kcal/mol, argues for more reliable transferability of D(M(IV)-I) in sterically less congested metallocenes. The molecular structures of Cp2(tt)ZrI2, Cp2(tt)ZrI, and Cp2(tt)HfI were determined by X-ray diffraction. In Cp(tt)2ZrI2, the Zr ligation is pseudotetrahedral, and the ring tert-butyl groups 'straddle' the Zr-I bonds to minimize steric interactions. The geometry about Zr in Cp(tt)2ZrI is pseudotrigonal, with contracted Zr-ring centroid and Zr-I distances versus Cp(tt)2grI2, primarily reflecting substantially diminished ligand-ligand repulsive nonbonded interactions in the latter. Cp(tt)2HfI is isomorphous with Cp(tt)2ZrI, and the slightly different metrical parameters are in accord with Hf vs Zr ionic radii. The significant differences in interligand repulsive interactions in the trivalent versus tetravalent complexes are confirmed by van der Waals calculations. High-resolution UV PE spectra combined with ab initio relativistic effective core potential calculations provide details of electronic structure. Absolute ionization energy values indicate that iodine behaves as both a strong σ and π donor. Trends in the large Cp2MX(n) structural database can be understood in terms of the interplay between electronic and molecular structure factors, which are highly sensitive to the substitution patterns of the cyclopentadienyl ligands and, in particular, to competing σ vs π M-X bonding.
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U2 - 10.1021/ja9822815
DO - 10.1021/ja9822815
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:0033585544
SN - 0002-7863
VL - 121
SP - 355
EP - 366
JO - Journal of the American Chemical Society
JF - Journal of the American Chemical Society
IS - 2
ER -