TY - JOUR
T1 - An Atomistic Tomographic Study of Oxygen and Hydrogen Atoms and their Molecules in CVD Grown Graphene
AU - Baik, Sung Il
AU - Ma, Lulu
AU - Kim, Yoon Jun
AU - Li, Bo
AU - Liu, Mingjie
AU - Isheim, Dieter
AU - Yakobson, Boris I.
AU - Ajayan, Pulickel M.
AU - Seidman, David N.
N1 - Funding Information:
S.‐I. Baik and L. Ma contributed equally to this work. The local electrode atom‐probe (LEAP) tomographic measurements were performed at the Northwestern University Center for Atom‐Probe Tomography (NUCAPT). NUCAPT is a Research Facility at the Materials Research Center of Northwestern University, supported by the National Science Foundation's MRSEC program (Grant No. DMR‐1121262). The LEAP in NUCAPT was acquired and upgraded with equipment grants from the MRI program of the National Science Foundation (Grant No. DMR‐0420532) and the DURIP program of the Office of Naval Research (Grant Nos. N00014‐0400798, N00014‐0610539, and N00014‐0910781). Additional instrumentation in NUCAPT was supported by the Initiative for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern (ISEN). L.M., B.L., and P.M.A. were supported by the Office of Naval Research through the MURI program on graphene and by FAME, one of six centers of STARnet, a Semiconductor Research Corporation program sponsored by MARCO and DARPA. M.L. and B.I.Y. were supported by the DOE BES grant DE‐SC0012547 and by the Robert Welch Foundation (C‐1590).
Publisher Copyright:
© 2015 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.
PY - 2015/11/25
Y1 - 2015/11/25
N2 - The properties and growth processes of graphene are greatly influenced by the elemental distributions of impurity atoms and their functional groups within or on the hexagonal carbon lattice. Oxygen and hydrogen atoms and their functional molecules (OH, CO, and CO2) positions' and chemical identities are tomographically mapped in three dimensions in a graphene monolayer film grown on a copper substrate, at the atomic part-per-million (atomic ppm) detection level, employing laser assisted atom-probe tomography. The atomistic plan and cross-sectional views of graphene indicate that oxygen, hydrogen, and their co-functionalities, OH, CO, and CO2, which are locally clustered under or within the graphene lattice. The experimental 3D atomistic portrait of the chemistry is combined with computational density-functional theory (DFT) calculations to enhance the understanding of the surface state of graphene, the positions of the chemical functional groups, their interactions with the underlying Cu substrate, and their influences on the growth of graphene.
AB - The properties and growth processes of graphene are greatly influenced by the elemental distributions of impurity atoms and their functional groups within or on the hexagonal carbon lattice. Oxygen and hydrogen atoms and their functional molecules (OH, CO, and CO2) positions' and chemical identities are tomographically mapped in three dimensions in a graphene monolayer film grown on a copper substrate, at the atomic part-per-million (atomic ppm) detection level, employing laser assisted atom-probe tomography. The atomistic plan and cross-sectional views of graphene indicate that oxygen, hydrogen, and their co-functionalities, OH, CO, and CO2, which are locally clustered under or within the graphene lattice. The experimental 3D atomistic portrait of the chemistry is combined with computational density-functional theory (DFT) calculations to enhance the understanding of the surface state of graphene, the positions of the chemical functional groups, their interactions with the underlying Cu substrate, and their influences on the growth of graphene.
KW - atom-probe tomography, APT
KW - chemical vapor deposition, CVD
KW - density-functional theory
KW - graphene
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=84954489843&partnerID=8YFLogxK
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/citedby.url?scp=84954489843&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1002/smll.201501679
DO - 10.1002/smll.201501679
M3 - Article
C2 - 26450564
AN - SCOPUS:84954489843
VL - 11
SP - 5968
EP - 5974
JO - Small
JF - Small
SN - 1613-6810
IS - 44
ER -