TY - JOUR
T1 - Association of Medicare Mandatory Bundled Payment Reform with Joint Replacement Surgery Use for Beneficiaries with Alzheimer Disease and Related Dementias
AU - Thirukumaran, Caroline P.
AU - Ricciardi, Benjamin F.
AU - Cai, Xueya
AU - Holloway, Robert G.
AU - Li, Yue
AU - Glance, Laurent G.
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© The Author(s) 2022.
PY - 2022/2/11
Y1 - 2022/2/11
N2 - Importance: Medicare beneficiaries with Alzheimer disease and related dementias (ADRD) are a particularly vulnerable group in whom arthritis is a frequently occurring comorbidity. Medicare's mandatory bundled payment reform - the Comprehensive Care for Joint Replacement (CJR) model - was intended to improve quality and reduce spending in beneficiaries undergoing joint replacement surgical procedures for arthritis. In the absence of adjustment for clinical risk, hospitals may avoid performing elective joint replacements for beneficiaries with ADRD. Objective: To evaluate the association of the CJR model with utilization of joint replacements for Medicare beneficiaries with ADRD. Design, Setting, and Participants: This cohort study used national Medicare data from 2013 to 2017 and multivariable linear probability models and a triple differences estimation approach. Medicare beneficiaries with a diagnosis of arthritis were identified from 67 metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs) mandated to participate in CJR and 104 control MSAs. Data were analyzed from July 2020 to July 2021. Exposures: Implementation of the CJR model in 2016. Main Outcomes and Measures: Outcomes were separate binary indicators for whether or not a beneficiary underwent hip or knee replacement. Key independent variables were the MSA group, before-CJR and after-CJR phase, ADRD diagnosis, and their interactions. The linear probability models controlled for beneficiary characteristics, MSA fixed effects, and time trends. Results: The study included 24598729 beneficiary-year observations for 9624461 unique beneficiaries, of which 250168 beneficiaries underwent hip and 474751 underwent knee replacements. The mean (SD) age of the 2013 cohort was 77.1 (7.9) years, 3110922 (66.4%) were women, 3928432 (83.8%) were non-Hispanic White, 792707 (16.9%) were dually eligible for Medicaid, and 885432 (18.9%) had an ADRD diagnosis. Before CJR implementation, joint replacement rates were lower among beneficiaries with ADRD (hip replacements: 0.38% vs 1.17% for beneficiaries with and without ADRD, respectively; P <.001; knee replacements: 0.70% vs 2.25%; P <.001). After controlling for relevant covariates, CJR was associated with a 0.07-percentage-point decline in hip replacements for beneficiaries with ADRD (95% CI, -0.13 to -0.001; P =.046) and a 0.07-percentage-point decline for beneficiaries without ADRD (95% CI, -0.12 to -0.02; P =.01) residing in CJR MSAs compared with beneficiaries in control MSAs. However, this change in hip replacement rates for beneficiaries with ADRD was not statistically significantly different from the change for beneficiaries without ADRD (percentage point difference: 0.01; 95% CI, -0.08 to 0.09; P =.88). No statistically significant changes in knee replacement rates were noted for beneficiaries with ADRD compared with those without ADRD with CJR implementation (percentage point difference: -0.03, 95% CI, -0.09 to 0.02; P =.27). Conclusions and Relevance: In this cohort study of Medicare beneficiaries with arthritis, the CJR model was not associated with a decline in joint replacement utilization among beneficiaries with ADRD compared with beneficiaries without ADRD in the first 2 years of the program, thereby alleviating patient selection concerns.
AB - Importance: Medicare beneficiaries with Alzheimer disease and related dementias (ADRD) are a particularly vulnerable group in whom arthritis is a frequently occurring comorbidity. Medicare's mandatory bundled payment reform - the Comprehensive Care for Joint Replacement (CJR) model - was intended to improve quality and reduce spending in beneficiaries undergoing joint replacement surgical procedures for arthritis. In the absence of adjustment for clinical risk, hospitals may avoid performing elective joint replacements for beneficiaries with ADRD. Objective: To evaluate the association of the CJR model with utilization of joint replacements for Medicare beneficiaries with ADRD. Design, Setting, and Participants: This cohort study used national Medicare data from 2013 to 2017 and multivariable linear probability models and a triple differences estimation approach. Medicare beneficiaries with a diagnosis of arthritis were identified from 67 metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs) mandated to participate in CJR and 104 control MSAs. Data were analyzed from July 2020 to July 2021. Exposures: Implementation of the CJR model in 2016. Main Outcomes and Measures: Outcomes were separate binary indicators for whether or not a beneficiary underwent hip or knee replacement. Key independent variables were the MSA group, before-CJR and after-CJR phase, ADRD diagnosis, and their interactions. The linear probability models controlled for beneficiary characteristics, MSA fixed effects, and time trends. Results: The study included 24598729 beneficiary-year observations for 9624461 unique beneficiaries, of which 250168 beneficiaries underwent hip and 474751 underwent knee replacements. The mean (SD) age of the 2013 cohort was 77.1 (7.9) years, 3110922 (66.4%) were women, 3928432 (83.8%) were non-Hispanic White, 792707 (16.9%) were dually eligible for Medicaid, and 885432 (18.9%) had an ADRD diagnosis. Before CJR implementation, joint replacement rates were lower among beneficiaries with ADRD (hip replacements: 0.38% vs 1.17% for beneficiaries with and without ADRD, respectively; P <.001; knee replacements: 0.70% vs 2.25%; P <.001). After controlling for relevant covariates, CJR was associated with a 0.07-percentage-point decline in hip replacements for beneficiaries with ADRD (95% CI, -0.13 to -0.001; P =.046) and a 0.07-percentage-point decline for beneficiaries without ADRD (95% CI, -0.12 to -0.02; P =.01) residing in CJR MSAs compared with beneficiaries in control MSAs. However, this change in hip replacement rates for beneficiaries with ADRD was not statistically significantly different from the change for beneficiaries without ADRD (percentage point difference: 0.01; 95% CI, -0.08 to 0.09; P =.88). No statistically significant changes in knee replacement rates were noted for beneficiaries with ADRD compared with those without ADRD with CJR implementation (percentage point difference: -0.03, 95% CI, -0.09 to 0.02; P =.27). Conclusions and Relevance: In this cohort study of Medicare beneficiaries with arthritis, the CJR model was not associated with a decline in joint replacement utilization among beneficiaries with ADRD compared with beneficiaries without ADRD in the first 2 years of the program, thereby alleviating patient selection concerns.
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85130992371&partnerID=8YFLogxK
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/citedby.url?scp=85130992371&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1001/jamahealthforum.2021.5111
DO - 10.1001/jamahealthforum.2021.5111
M3 - Article
C2 - 35977279
AN - SCOPUS:85130992371
SN - 2689-0186
VL - 3
SP - E215111
JO - JAMA Health Forum
JF - JAMA Health Forum
IS - 2
ER -