TY - JOUR
T1 - Associations Between Residential Segregation and Incident Hypertension
T2 - The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis
AU - Gao, Xing
AU - Kershaw, Kiarri N.
AU - Barber, Sharrelle
AU - Schreiner, Pamela J.
AU - Do, D. Phuong
AU - Roux, Ana V.Diez
AU - Mujahid, Mahasin S.
N1 - Funding Information:
This research was supported by contracts 75N92020D00001, HHSN268201500003I, N01-HC-95159, 75N92020D00005, N01-HC-95160, 75N92020D00002, N01-HC-95161, 75N92020D00003, N01-HC-95162, 75N92020D00006, N01-HC-95163, 75N92020D00004, N01-HC-95164, 75N92020D00007, N01-HC-95165, N01-HC-95166, N01-HC-95167, N01-HC-95168 and N01-HC-95169 from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute and by grants UL1-TR-000040, UL1-TR-001079, and UL1-TR-001420 from the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences.
Publisher Copyright:
© 2022 The Authors.
PY - 2022/2/1
Y1 - 2022/2/1
N2 - BACKGROUND: Residential segregation, a geospatial manifestation of structural racism, is a fundamental driver of racial and ethnic health inequities, and longitudinal studies examining segregation’s influence on cardiovascular health are limited. This study investigates the impact of segregation on hypertension in a multiracial and multiethnic cohort and explores whether neighborhood environment modifies this association. METHODS AND RESULTS: Leveraging data from a diverse cohort of adults recruited from 6 sites in the United States with 2 decades of follow-up, we used race-and ethnicity-stratified Cox models to examine the association between time-varying segregation with incident hypertension in 1937 adults free of hypertension at baseline. Participants were categorized as residing in segregated and nonsegregated neighborhoods using a spatial-weighted measure. We used a robust covariance matrix estimator to account for clustering within neighborhoods and assessed effect measure modification by neighborhood social or physical environment. Over an average follow-up of 7.35 years, 65.5% non-Hispanic Black, 48.1% Chinese, and 53.7% Hispanic participants developed hypertension. Net of confounders, Black and Hispanic residents in segregated neighborhoods were more likely to develop hypertension relative to residents in nonsegregated neighborhoods (Black residents: hazard ratio [HR], 1.33; 95% CI, 1.09–1.62; Hispanic residents: HR, 1.33; 95% CI, 1.04–1.70). Results were similar but not significant among Chinese residents (HR, 1.20; 95% CI, 0.83–1.73). Among Black residents, neighborhood social environment significantly modified this association such that better social environment was associated with less pronounced impact of segregation on hypertension. CONCLUSIONS: This study underscores the importance of continued investigations of groups affected by the health consequences of racial residential segregation while taking contextual neighborhood factors, such as social environment, into account.
AB - BACKGROUND: Residential segregation, a geospatial manifestation of structural racism, is a fundamental driver of racial and ethnic health inequities, and longitudinal studies examining segregation’s influence on cardiovascular health are limited. This study investigates the impact of segregation on hypertension in a multiracial and multiethnic cohort and explores whether neighborhood environment modifies this association. METHODS AND RESULTS: Leveraging data from a diverse cohort of adults recruited from 6 sites in the United States with 2 decades of follow-up, we used race-and ethnicity-stratified Cox models to examine the association between time-varying segregation with incident hypertension in 1937 adults free of hypertension at baseline. Participants were categorized as residing in segregated and nonsegregated neighborhoods using a spatial-weighted measure. We used a robust covariance matrix estimator to account for clustering within neighborhoods and assessed effect measure modification by neighborhood social or physical environment. Over an average follow-up of 7.35 years, 65.5% non-Hispanic Black, 48.1% Chinese, and 53.7% Hispanic participants developed hypertension. Net of confounders, Black and Hispanic residents in segregated neighborhoods were more likely to develop hypertension relative to residents in nonsegregated neighborhoods (Black residents: hazard ratio [HR], 1.33; 95% CI, 1.09–1.62; Hispanic residents: HR, 1.33; 95% CI, 1.04–1.70). Results were similar but not significant among Chinese residents (HR, 1.20; 95% CI, 0.83–1.73). Among Black residents, neighborhood social environment significantly modified this association such that better social environment was associated with less pronounced impact of segregation on hypertension. CONCLUSIONS: This study underscores the importance of continued investigations of groups affected by the health consequences of racial residential segregation while taking contextual neighborhood factors, such as social environment, into account.
KW - health equity
KW - hypertension
KW - neighborhood environment
KW - racial residential segregation
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U2 - 10.1161/JAHA.121.023084
DO - 10.1161/JAHA.121.023084
M3 - Article
C2 - 35048712
AN - SCOPUS:85123969834
SN - 2047-9980
VL - 11
JO - Journal of the American Heart Association
JF - Journal of the American Heart Association
IS - 3
M1 - e023084
ER -