TY - JOUR
T1 - Associations of unhealthy food environment with the development of coronary artery calcification
T2 - The CARDIA Study
AU - Kelman, Julie
AU - Pool, Lindsay R.
AU - Gordon-Larsen, Penny
AU - Carr, J. Jeffrey
AU - Terry, James G.
AU - Rana, Jamal S.
AU - Kershaw, Kiarri N.
N1 - Funding Information:
The Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults Study (CARDIA) is supported by contracts HHSN268201300025C, HHSN268201300026C, HHSN268201300027C, HHSN2682-01300028C, HHSN268201300029C, and HHSN26820090-0041C from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), the Intramural Research Program of the National Institute on Aging (NIA), and an intra-agency agreement between NIA and NHLBI (AG0005). The development of neighborhood measures used in this research was supported by grants R01HL104580 & R01HL114091.
Publisher Copyright:
© 2019 The Authors.
PY - 2019
Y1 - 2019
N2 - Background—While prior studies have linked the neighborhood environment and development of subclinical atherosclerosis, it is unknown whether living in neighborhoods with greater availability of “unhealthy” food outlets (fast-food chain restaurants and convenience stores) is associated with risk of developing coronary artery calcification (CAC). Methods and Results—We included 2706 CARDIA study (Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults) participants who underwent CAC measurement during follow-up years 15 (2000–2001), 20 (2005–2006), and 25 (2010–2011). Neighborhood features examined included percentage of all food outlets that were convenience stores and fast-food chain restaurants within a 3- km Euclidean buffer distance from each participant’s residence. Econometric fixed effects models, which by design control for all time-invariant covariates, were used to model the longitudinal association between simultaneous within-person change in percentage food outlet and change in CAC. At baseline (year 15), 9.7% of participants had prevalent CAC. During 10 years of follow-up, 21.1% of participants developed CAC. Each 1-SD increase in percentage of convenience stores was associated with a 1.34 higher odds of developing CAC (95% CI: 1.04, 1.72) after adjusting for individual- and neighborhood-level covariates; however, there was no significant association between increased percentage of fast-food chain restaurants and developing CAC (odds ratio=1.15; 95% CI: 0.96, 1.38). There were no significant associations between increases in either food outlet percentage and progression of CAC. Conclusions—Our findings suggest that increases in the relative availability of convenience stores in participants’ neighborhoods is related to the development of CAC over time.
AB - Background—While prior studies have linked the neighborhood environment and development of subclinical atherosclerosis, it is unknown whether living in neighborhoods with greater availability of “unhealthy” food outlets (fast-food chain restaurants and convenience stores) is associated with risk of developing coronary artery calcification (CAC). Methods and Results—We included 2706 CARDIA study (Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults) participants who underwent CAC measurement during follow-up years 15 (2000–2001), 20 (2005–2006), and 25 (2010–2011). Neighborhood features examined included percentage of all food outlets that were convenience stores and fast-food chain restaurants within a 3- km Euclidean buffer distance from each participant’s residence. Econometric fixed effects models, which by design control for all time-invariant covariates, were used to model the longitudinal association between simultaneous within-person change in percentage food outlet and change in CAC. At baseline (year 15), 9.7% of participants had prevalent CAC. During 10 years of follow-up, 21.1% of participants developed CAC. Each 1-SD increase in percentage of convenience stores was associated with a 1.34 higher odds of developing CAC (95% CI: 1.04, 1.72) after adjusting for individual- and neighborhood-level covariates; however, there was no significant association between increased percentage of fast-food chain restaurants and developing CAC (odds ratio=1.15; 95% CI: 0.96, 1.38). There were no significant associations between increases in either food outlet percentage and progression of CAC. Conclusions—Our findings suggest that increases in the relative availability of convenience stores in participants’ neighborhoods is related to the development of CAC over time.
KW - Atherosclerosis
KW - Coronary artery calcification
KW - Neighbourhood
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U2 - 10.1161/JAHA.118.010586
DO - 10.1161/JAHA.118.010586
M3 - Article
C2 - 30773088
AN - SCOPUS:85061723231
SN - 2047-9980
VL - 8
JO - Journal of the American Heart Association
JF - Journal of the American Heart Association
IS - 4
M1 - e010586
ER -