Auditory neural processing in children living with HIV uncovers underlying central nervous system dysfunction

Christin Ealer, Christopher E. Niemczak*, Trent Nicol, Albert Magohe, Silvia Bonacina, Ziyin Zhang, Catherine Rieke, Samantha Leigh, Anastasiya Kobrina, Jonathan Lichtenstein, Enica R. Massawe, Nina Kraus, Jay C. Buckey

*Corresponding author for this work

Research output: Contribution to journalArticlepeer-review

Abstract

Objective:Central nervous system (CNS) damage from HIV infection or treatment can lead to developmental delays and poor educational outcomes in children living with HIV (CLWH). Early markers of central nervous system dysfunction are needed to target interventions and prevent life-long disability. The frequency following response (FFR) is an auditory electrophysiology test that can reflect the health of the central nervous system. In this study, we explore whether the FFR reveals auditory central nervous system dysfunction in CLWH.Study design:Cross-sectional analysis of an ongoing cohort study. Data were from the child's first visit in the study.Setting:The infectious disease center in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.Methods:We collected the FFR from 151 CLWH and 151 HIV-negative children. To evoke the FFR, three speech syllabi (/da/, /ba/, /ga/) were played monaurally to the child's right ear. Response measures included neural timing (peak latencies), strength of frequency encoding (fundamental frequency and first formant amplitude), encoding consistency (inter-response consistency), and encoding precision (stimulus-to-response correlation).Results:CLWH showed smaller first formant amplitudes (P < 0.0001), weaker inter-response consistencies (P < 0.0001) and smaller stimulus to response correlations (P < 0.0001) than FFRs from HIV-negative children. These findings generalized across the three speech stimuli with moderately strong effect sizes (partial η2 ranged from 0.061 to 0.094).Conclusion:The FFR shows auditory central nervous system dysfunction in CLWH. Neural encoding of auditory stimuli was less robust, more variable, and less accurate. As the FFR is a passive and objective test, it may offer an effective way to assess and detect central nervous system function in CLWH.

Original languageEnglish (US)
Pages (from-to)289-298
Number of pages10
JournalAIDS
Volume38
Issue number3
DOIs
StatePublished - Mar 1 2024

Funding

Funding: This study was funded by the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) (R01HD095277).

Keywords

  • auditory electrophysiology
  • central auditory pathway
  • central nervous system
  • children living with HIV
  • frequency following response
  • pediatric auditory function

ASJC Scopus subject areas

  • Immunology and Allergy
  • Immunology
  • Infectious Diseases

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