Blazed grating enables highly decoupled optically variable devices fabricated by vibration-assisted diamond texturing

Jianjian Wang; Yaoke Wang; Jianfu Zhang; Volker Schulze; Ping Guo

doi:10.1364/OE.450628

Blazed grating enables highly decoupled optically variable devices fabricated by vibration-assisted diamond texturing

Jianjian Wang, Yaoke Wang, Jianfu Zhang, Volker Schulze, Ping Guo^*

^*Corresponding author for this work

Mechanical Engineering

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

11 Scopus citations

Abstract

Optically variable devices (OVDs) are well received for anti-counterfeiting and decorative applications. In this study, new strategies to develop highly decoupled OVDs were proposed and demonstrated based on the fast patterning of blazed gratings by vibration-assisted diamond texturing. A unique surface generation mechanism was revealed as a combined cutting and forming process. One facet of blazed grating is generated by the cutting motion defined by the tool tip trajectory. The other facet is formed by the tool flank face, which establishes the blaze angle. This process is able to generate high-resolution, structurally colored graphics by modulating cutting velocity to control the grating distribution. Due to the unique surface generation mechanism, the orientation of the created blazed gratings is intrinsically perpendicular to the cutting direction. Thus, it enables the flexible control of concentration directions of diffracted light by tuning the orientation of blazed gratings. We designed and demonstrated two types of highly decoupled OVDs based on vibration-induced blazed gratings. The orthogonaltype OVD utilizes the azimuth angle dependence of blazed gratings to encode two images in orthogonal cutting directions. The in-plane-type OVD utilizes the optimized diffraction efficiency of blazed gratings in a given diffraction order to encode two images in opposite cutting directions. The fabricated OVDs are presented and compared with optical simulation results based on an extended scalar diffraction theory.

Original language	English (US)
Pages (from-to)	8829-8846
Number of pages	18
Journal	Optics Express
Volume	30
Issue number	6
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.450628
State	Published - Mar 14 2022

Funding

Acknowledgments. This work made use of the NUFAB facility of Northwestern University’s NUANCE Center, which has received support from the SHyNE Resource (NSF ECCS-2025633), the IIN, and Northwestern’s MRSEC program (NSF DMR-1720139). The first author would like to acknowledge the fellowship support from the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation. Funding. Start-up fund from the McCormick School of Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA; National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 51761145103) pixel-level control of the microstructure profile. In addition to OVD, the proposed process could Acknowledgments. This work made use of the NUFAB facility of Northwestern University’s NUANCE Center, also be utilized to texture free-formed optical mirror/lens with blazed gratings for the fabrication proofgriamma(gNiSnFgDsMpeRc-t1r7o2m01e3t9e)r.sTwheitfhirsatamutohorrewcooumldplaikcettdoeascikgnnow. ledgethesupportfromBeijingNaturalScience The process is based on a deterministic mechanical removal process with high repeatability. The grating spacing will be most accurate regardless of the errors discussed below as long as a constant vibration frequency is kept. However, the grating profile accuracy and repeatability Dataavailability. Data underlying the results presented in this paper are not publicly available at this time but may will be affected by the vibration trajectory and tool wear. In the current implementation, the piezo-based vibration tool works in an open-loop manner, so the property changes of piezo stacks due to heat accumulation might change the vibration amplitudes, thus affecting the grating formation. The flank wear is another factor that will influence the grating profile. To be noted, References the optical appearance is still dominantly determined by the grating spacing, which will not 1.be aLfefeeRctAed,Mbiycroth-teecehnrroolorgysofourracnetsi-.coHunotwerfeeviteinrg,.tMheiccrohealencgtreonoicfEgnrgaintienegrinpgr,o53fi(l1e-4w),i5l1l3a-5ff1e6c(t20th00e).image renderhttpsing://doqi.ualityorg/10.1(color016/S01intensity67-9317(0and0)003saturation).67-1 https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms3838 Funding. McCormick School of Engineering, Northwestern University (Start-up fund); National Natural Science Foundation of China (51761145103); Beijing Municipal Natural Science Foundation (3222009).

ASJC Scopus subject areas

Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics

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10.1364/OE.450628

Cite this

@article{7fde31dfbe6840ed90f46c6706cf9af3,

title = "Blazed grating enables highly decoupled optically variable devices fabricated by vibration-assisted diamond texturing",

abstract = "Optically variable devices (OVDs) are well received for anti-counterfeiting and decorative applications. In this study, new strategies to develop highly decoupled OVDs were proposed and demonstrated based on the fast patterning of blazed gratings by vibration-assisted diamond texturing. A unique surface generation mechanism was revealed as a combined cutting and forming process. One facet of blazed grating is generated by the cutting motion defined by the tool tip trajectory. The other facet is formed by the tool flank face, which establishes the blaze angle. This process is able to generate high-resolution, structurally colored graphics by modulating cutting velocity to control the grating distribution. Due to the unique surface generation mechanism, the orientation of the created blazed gratings is intrinsically perpendicular to the cutting direction. Thus, it enables the flexible control of concentration directions of diffracted light by tuning the orientation of blazed gratings. We designed and demonstrated two types of highly decoupled OVDs based on vibration-induced blazed gratings. The orthogonaltype OVD utilizes the azimuth angle dependence of blazed gratings to encode two images in orthogonal cutting directions. The in-plane-type OVD utilizes the optimized diffraction efficiency of blazed gratings in a given diffraction order to encode two images in opposite cutting directions. The fabricated OVDs are presented and compared with optical simulation results based on an extended scalar diffraction theory.",

author = "Jianjian Wang and Yaoke Wang and Jianfu Zhang and Volker Schulze and Ping Guo",

note = "Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2022 Optica Publishing Group under the terms of the Optica Open Access Publishing Agreement.",

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AU - Guo, Ping

PY - 2022/3/14

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N2 - Optically variable devices (OVDs) are well received for anti-counterfeiting and decorative applications. In this study, new strategies to develop highly decoupled OVDs were proposed and demonstrated based on the fast patterning of blazed gratings by vibration-assisted diamond texturing. A unique surface generation mechanism was revealed as a combined cutting and forming process. One facet of blazed grating is generated by the cutting motion defined by the tool tip trajectory. The other facet is formed by the tool flank face, which establishes the blaze angle. This process is able to generate high-resolution, structurally colored graphics by modulating cutting velocity to control the grating distribution. Due to the unique surface generation mechanism, the orientation of the created blazed gratings is intrinsically perpendicular to the cutting direction. Thus, it enables the flexible control of concentration directions of diffracted light by tuning the orientation of blazed gratings. We designed and demonstrated two types of highly decoupled OVDs based on vibration-induced blazed gratings. The orthogonaltype OVD utilizes the azimuth angle dependence of blazed gratings to encode two images in orthogonal cutting directions. The in-plane-type OVD utilizes the optimized diffraction efficiency of blazed gratings in a given diffraction order to encode two images in opposite cutting directions. The fabricated OVDs are presented and compared with optical simulation results based on an extended scalar diffraction theory.

AB - Optically variable devices (OVDs) are well received for anti-counterfeiting and decorative applications. In this study, new strategies to develop highly decoupled OVDs were proposed and demonstrated based on the fast patterning of blazed gratings by vibration-assisted diamond texturing. A unique surface generation mechanism was revealed as a combined cutting and forming process. One facet of blazed grating is generated by the cutting motion defined by the tool tip trajectory. The other facet is formed by the tool flank face, which establishes the blaze angle. This process is able to generate high-resolution, structurally colored graphics by modulating cutting velocity to control the grating distribution. Due to the unique surface generation mechanism, the orientation of the created blazed gratings is intrinsically perpendicular to the cutting direction. Thus, it enables the flexible control of concentration directions of diffracted light by tuning the orientation of blazed gratings. We designed and demonstrated two types of highly decoupled OVDs based on vibration-induced blazed gratings. The orthogonaltype OVD utilizes the azimuth angle dependence of blazed gratings to encode two images in orthogonal cutting directions. The in-plane-type OVD utilizes the optimized diffraction efficiency of blazed gratings in a given diffraction order to encode two images in opposite cutting directions. The fabricated OVDs are presented and compared with optical simulation results based on an extended scalar diffraction theory.

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Blazed grating enables highly decoupled optically variable devices fabricated by vibration-assisted diamond texturing

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Blazed grating enables highly decoupled optically variable devices fabricated by vibration-assisted diamond texturing

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