Breaking barriers: An action framework for integrating gender into renewable energy policies in fossil-fuel-rich nations

Understanding gender perspectives on barriers to renewable energy adoption is critical for successfully transitioning to climate-resilient futures. However, these barriers remain underexplored, particularly in fossil-fuel-rich countries such as Iran. This is especially important for Iran, where frequent power outages from an inefficient fossil-fuel-based grid highlight the need for renewable energy-based microgrids, and women's active participation can offer transformative potential. This study employs semi-structured interviews to examine women's perspectives on barriers to integrating renewable energy into daily life. The participants were women residing in Tehran, and the number of interviews was determined using purposive and theoretical sampling methods. Data collection continued until no new features and concepts emerged. Using grounded theory, we developed a model categorizing women's views into causal conditions (e.g., energy definitions, consumption behavior, renewable energy applications), contextual conditions (e.g., energy value, policy, accessibility, infrastructure), and intervening conditions (e.g., indigenous knowledge, motivation). Findings reveal a strong interest among participants in adopting renewable energy and supporting sustainable development goals (SDGs). However, various barriers limit their participation, underscoring the need for targeted public policies. The study also identifies gaps in achieving SDGs 5 (Gender Equality), 7 (Affordable and Clean Energy), 11 (Sustainable Cities and Communities), 12 (Responsible Consumption & Production), and 13 (Climate Action). By amplifying women's voices, this research provides critical insights for policymakers to foster a more inclusive and sustainable future for all.