Catalytic descriptors and electronic properties of single-site catalysts for ethene dimerization to 1-butene

Six first-row transition metal cations (Mn²⁺, Fe²⁺, Co²⁺, Ni²⁺, Cu²⁺, Zn²⁺) were evaluated as catalysts for ethene dimerization to 1-butene. This is an important reaction in the chemistry of C–C bond formation and in the conversion of natural gas to higher hydrocarbons. Two related classes of transition metal cation catalysts were investigated: 1) single transition metal cations supported on zirconium oxide nodes of the metal–organic framework NU-1000 and 2) small metal hydroxide clusters with two metal atoms (M₂) that could be grown by atomic layer deposition on a support exhibiting isolated hydroxyl groups. Using scaling relations, the free energies of co-adsorbed hydrogen and ethene (i.e., (H/C₂H₄)*) and adsorbed ethyl (i.e., C₂H₅*) were identified as descriptors for ethene dimerization catalysis. Using degree of rate control analysis, it was determined that the rate controlling steps are either ethene insertion (C–C bond forming) or β-hydride elimination (C–H bond breaking), depending on the metal. Using degree of catalyst control analysis, it was determined that activity on all the catalysts studied could be improved by tuning the free energy of C₂H₅*.