Abstract
Perovskite solar modules (PSMs) show outstanding power conversion efficiencies (PCEs), but long-term operational stability remains problematic. We show that incorporating N,N-dimethylmethyleneiminium chloride into the perovskite precursor solution formed dimethylammonium cation and that previously unobserved methyl tetrahydrotriazinium ([MTTZ]+) cation effectively improved perovskite film. The in situ formation of [MTTZ]+ cation increased the formation energy of iodine vacancies and enhanced the migration energy barrier of iodide and cesium ions, which suppressed nonradiative recombination, thermal decomposition, and phase segregation processes. The optimized PSMs achieved a record (certified) PCE of 23.2% with an aperture area of 27.2 cm2, with a stabilized PCE of 23.0%. The encapsulated PSM retained 87.0% of its initial PCE after ~1900 hours of maximum power point tracking at 85°C and 85% relative humidity under 1.0-sun illumination.
| Original language | English (US) |
|---|---|
| Pages (from-to) | 531-538 |
| Number of pages | 8 |
| Journal | Journal of Bio-X Research |
| Volume | 386 |
| Issue number | 6721 |
| DOIs | |
| State | Published - Nov 1 2024 |
Funding
The Valais Energy Demonstrators fund supported this work. We also thank the US Department of Energy (DOE), Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Vehicle Technologies Office. This research used resources of the Advanced Photon Source (beamlines 11-ID-C and 12-BM), a US DOE Office of Science User Facility, operated for the DOE Office of Science by Argonne National Laboratory under contract no. DE-AC02-06CH11357. We thank S. Lee and T. Li for providing technical support. We thank the shared research facilities of HPC computing resources at Lomonosov Moscow State University. We thank L. Piveteau and the NMR spectroscopy platform at EPFL for support with solid-state NMR spectroscopy measurements. In addition, we thank K. Zhao at Shaanxi Normal University for trying to synthesize single crystals and D. Savary for assisting with the structural elucidation. We thank the Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF) and Luxembourg Fonds National de la Recherche (FNR, \u201CSUNSPOT,\u201D grant no. 11244141), SNSF, for the financial support of the SOLAR4D project, SNSF project no. 200020L_1729/1 and FNR INTER no. 16/11534230. V.D. and P.D. acknowledge financial support by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) in the frame of the Priority Program SPP 2196 (project DY 18/14-1). This work was supported by the European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 program, through a FET Proactive research and innovation action under grant agreement no. 101084124 (DIAMOND), and by the 111 Project (B16016), the Project of Scientific and Technological Support Program in Jiang Su Province (BE2022026-2), and the Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province (no. 2022CFB402). E.S. acknowledges financial support from the Research Center for Industries of the Future at Westlake University, National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant no.52272164). R.W. acknowledges the grant (LD24E020001) from the Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province of China. Part of the computing sources used in this work were provided by the National Center for High Performance Computing (UHEM) of T\u00FCrkiye. The authors also thank \u00C9cole Polytechnique F\u00E9d\u00E9rale de Lausanne, which provided additional financial support The Valais Energy Demonstrators fund supported this work. We also thank the US Department of Energy (DOE), Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Vehicle Technologies Office. This research used resources of the Advanced Photon Source (beamlines 11-ID-C and 12-BM), a US DOE Office of Science User Facility, operated for the DOE Office of Science by Argonne National Laboratory under contract no. DE-AC02-06CH11357. We thank S. Lee and T. Li for providing technical support. We thank the shared research facilities of HPC computing resources at Lomonosov Moscow State University. We thank L. Piveteau and the NMR spectroscopy platform at EPFL for support with solid-state NMR spectroscopy measurements. In addition, we thank K. Zhao at Shaanxi Normal University for trying to synthesize single crystals and D. Savary for assisting with the structural elucidation. Funding: We thank the Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF) and Luxembourg Fonds National de la Recherche (FNR, \u201CSUNSPOT,\u201D grant no. 11244141), SNSF, for the financial support of the SOLAR4D project, SNSF project no. 200020L_1729/1 and FNR INTER no. 16/11534230. V.D. and P.D. acknowledge financial support by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) in the frame of the Priority Program SPP 2196 (project DY 18/14-1). This work was supported by the European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 program, through a FET Proactive research and innovation action under grant agreement no. 101084124 (DIAMOND), and by the 111 Project (B16016), the Project of Scientific and Technological Support Program in Jiang Su Province (BE2022026-2), and the Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province (no. 2022CFB402). E.S. acknowledges financial support from the Research Center for Industries of the Future at Westlake University, National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant no.52272164). R.W. acknowledges the grant (LD24E020001) from the Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province of China. Part of the computing sources used in this work were provided by the National Center for High Performance Computing (UHEM) of T\u00FCrkiye. The authors also thank \u00C9cole Polytechnique F\u00E9d\u00E9rale de Lausanne, which provided additional financial support. Author contributions: Y.D., B.D., and P.J.S. designed and supervised the research as well as the performance of efficient small-size devices and large-area PSMs. P.J.S. performed the AFM, c-AFM, in situ PL mapping, and XRD measurements with supervision from R.W., J.R.-deG., and R.C.T.-R. L.T. performed the solution and solid-state NMR spectroscopy measurements and analysis. R.Y. performed STEM measurements with supervision from K.N.Z. J.T.L performed the PDF and XAFS characterization with supervision from K.N.Z. and O.A.S. M.A.S. conducted the DFT calculations. X.H.M. performed in situ XRD measurements. I.Y. performed DFT simulations of ion migration and calculated the defect formation energy. X.L. made DFT simulations of ESP with supervision of L.Q.M. J.-N.A. conducted the ambient HIM-SIMS and TOF-SIMS characterization. J.P. fabricated compact TiO2 layers using the physical vapor deposition method. J.S. performed long-term stability measurements. J.H.P. performed transient absorption spectroscopy. Y.H.L. and M.X. fabricated single crystals and analyzed with supervision from E.Z.S. P.D. performed the TRMC characterization with supervision from V.D. C.L. and Y.Y. conducted XPS and SCLC measurements. L.Z. and Y.G.R. performed the measurements of activation energy and GIXRD with supervision from Q.Y.A. Y.D. and B.D. wrote the first draft of the manuscript, and all authors contributed feedback and comments. A.S., K.N.Z., J.S., L.M.D., S.Y.D., R.W., P.J.D., and M.K.N. directed and supervised the research. Competing interests: The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Data and materials availability: All data needed to evaluate the conclusions are present in the paper or the supplementary materials. The accession numbers for the crystal structure .cif files reported in this manuscript were CCDC 2308544 ([Dmei]PbCl0.41I2.59), CCDC 2308545 ([Dmei]PbI3), CCDC 2308547 ([DMA]PbI3), CCDC 2308548 (metastable [MTTZ] PbI3), and CCDC 2308549 ([MTTZ]PbI3), which were deposited at the Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre. License information: Copyright \u00A9 2024 the authors, some rights reserved; exclusive licensee American Association for the Advancement of Science. No claim to original US government works. https://www.science.org/ about/science-licenses-journal-article-reuse
ASJC Scopus subject areas
- Biomedical Engineering
- General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
- Computer Science Applications
