Abstract
Despite an aggressive standard of care involving radiation therapy, temozolomide-based chemotherapy, and surgical resection, glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) continues to exhibit very high recurrence and mortality rates partly due to the highly plastic and heterogenous nature of the tumor. In recent years, activation of the immune system has emerged as a promising strategy in cancer therapies. However, despite recent successes in other fields, immunotherapeutic approaches continue to encounter challenges in GBM. In this review, we first discuss immunotherapies targeting the most well-studied immune checkpoint proteins, CTLA-4 and PD-1, followed by discussions on therapies targeting immune-stimulatory molecules and secreted metabolic enzymes. Finally, we address the major challenges with immunotherapy in GBM and the potential for combination and neoadjuvant immunotherapies to tip the scales in the fight against glioblastoma.
Original language | English (US) |
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Pages (from-to) | 473-481 |
Number of pages | 9 |
Journal | Seminars in Cancer Biology |
Volume | 86 |
DOIs | |
State | Published - Nov 2022 |
Funding
This work was supported by the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke grant 1R01NS096376 , 1R01NS112856 (to A.U.A.), and the Natinal Cancer Institute grant P50CA221747 SPORE for Translational Approaches to Brain Cancer.
Keywords
- Checkpoint proteins
- Glioblastoma
- Immunotherpay
ASJC Scopus subject areas
- Cancer Research