Combined arterial and venous approaches for cure of carotid-cavernous sinus fistula in a patient with fibromuscular dysplasia

We report the case of a woman with bilateral carotid artery fibromuscular dysplasia. The case illustrates some of the difficulties encountered in the treatments of carotid-cavernous fistula. For example, a previous contralateral carotid closure caused complications because carotid sacrifice was not now possible. This resulted in several embolizations procedures requiring prolonged x-ray exposures. We show that transvascular embolotherapy must incorporate a flexible approach for access, selection of embolic material, and clinical care.