TY - JOUR
T1 - Counting the number of magnesium ions bound to the surface-immobilized thymine oligonucleotides that comprise spherical nucleic acids
AU - Walter, Stephanie R.
AU - Young, Kaylie L.
AU - Holland, Joseph G.
AU - Gieseck, Richard L.
AU - Mirkin, Chad A.
AU - Geiger, Franz M.
PY - 2013/11/20
Y1 - 2013/11/20
N2 - Label-free studies carried out under aqueous phase conditions quantify the number of Mg2+ ions binding to surface-immobilized T40 sequences, the subsequent reordering of DNA on the surface, and the consequences of Mg2+ binding for DNA-DNA interactions. Second harmonic generation measurements indicate that, within error, 18-20 Mg2+ ions are bound to the T40 strand at saturation and that the metal-DNA interaction is associated with a near 30% length contraction of the strand. Structural reordering, evaluated using vibrational sum frequency generation, atomic force microscopy, and dynamic light scattering, is attributed to increased charge screening as the Mg2+ ions bind to the negatively charged DNA, reducing repulsive Coulomb forces between nucleotides and allowing the DNA single strands to collapse or coil upon themselves. The impact of Mg 2+ binding on DNA hybridization and duplex stability is assessed with spherical nucleic acid (SNA) gold nanoparticle conjugates in order to determine an optimal working range of Mg2+ concentrations for DNA-DNA interactions in the absence of NaCl. The findings are consistent with a charge titration effect in which, in the absence of NaCl, (1) hybridization does not occur at room temperature if an average of 17.5 or less Mg2+ ions are bound per T40 strand, which is not reached until the bulk Mg 2+ concentration approaches 0.5 mM; (2) hybridization proceeds, albeit with low duplex stability having an average Tm of 31(3) C, if an average of 17.5-18.0 Mg2+ ions are bound; and (3) highly stable duplexes having a Tm of 64(2) C form if 18.5-19.0 Mg2+ ions are bound, corresponding to saturation of the T40 strand.
AB - Label-free studies carried out under aqueous phase conditions quantify the number of Mg2+ ions binding to surface-immobilized T40 sequences, the subsequent reordering of DNA on the surface, and the consequences of Mg2+ binding for DNA-DNA interactions. Second harmonic generation measurements indicate that, within error, 18-20 Mg2+ ions are bound to the T40 strand at saturation and that the metal-DNA interaction is associated with a near 30% length contraction of the strand. Structural reordering, evaluated using vibrational sum frequency generation, atomic force microscopy, and dynamic light scattering, is attributed to increased charge screening as the Mg2+ ions bind to the negatively charged DNA, reducing repulsive Coulomb forces between nucleotides and allowing the DNA single strands to collapse or coil upon themselves. The impact of Mg 2+ binding on DNA hybridization and duplex stability is assessed with spherical nucleic acid (SNA) gold nanoparticle conjugates in order to determine an optimal working range of Mg2+ concentrations for DNA-DNA interactions in the absence of NaCl. The findings are consistent with a charge titration effect in which, in the absence of NaCl, (1) hybridization does not occur at room temperature if an average of 17.5 or less Mg2+ ions are bound per T40 strand, which is not reached until the bulk Mg 2+ concentration approaches 0.5 mM; (2) hybridization proceeds, albeit with low duplex stability having an average Tm of 31(3) C, if an average of 17.5-18.0 Mg2+ ions are bound; and (3) highly stable duplexes having a Tm of 64(2) C form if 18.5-19.0 Mg2+ ions are bound, corresponding to saturation of the T40 strand.
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U2 - 10.1021/ja406551k
DO - 10.1021/ja406551k
M3 - Article
C2 - 24156735
AN - SCOPUS:84888365502
SN - 0002-7863
VL - 135
SP - 17339
EP - 17348
JO - Journal of the American Chemical Society
JF - Journal of the American Chemical Society
IS - 46
ER -