Cross-talk between notch and the estrogen receptor in breast cancer suggests novel therapeutic approaches

High expression of Notch-1 and Jagged-1 mRNA correlates with poor prognosis in breast cancer. Elucidating the cross-talk between Notch and other major breast cancer pathways is necessaryto determine which patients may benefit from Notch inhibitors, which agents should be combined with them, and which biomarkers indicate Notch activity in vivo. We explored expression of Notch receptors and ligands in clinical specimens, as well as activity, regulation, and effectors of Notch signaling using cell lines and xenografts. Ductal and lobular carcinomas commonlyex pressed Notch-1, Notch-4, and Jagged-1 at variable levels. However, in breast cancer cell lines, Notch-induced transcriptional activitydid not correlate with Notch receptor levels and was highest in estrogen receptor α-negative (ERAα^-), Her2/Neu nonoverexpressing cells. In ERα⁺ cells, estradiol inhibited Notch activityand Notch-1^IC nuclear levels and affected Notch-1 cellular distribution. Tamoxifen and raloxifene blocked this effect, reactivating Notch. Notch-1 induced Notch-4. Notch-4 expression in clinical specimens correlated with proliferation (Ki67). In MDA-MB231 (ERAα^-) cells, Notch-1 knockdown or γ-secretase inhibition decreased cyclins A and B1, causing G₂ arrest, p53-independent induction of NOXA, and death. In T47D:A18 (ERα⁺) cells, the same targets were affected, and Notch inhibition potentiated the effects of tamoxifen. In vivo, γ-secretase inhibitor treatment arrested the growth of MDA-MB231 tumors and, in combination with tamoxifen, caused regression of T47D:A18 tumors. Our data indicate that combinations of antiestrogens and Notch inhibitors maybe effective in ERα⁺ breast cancers and that Notch signaling is a potential therapeutic target in ERα^- breast cancers.