Abstract
The goal of this study was to use X-ray crystallography to investigate the structural basis of resistance to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) protease inhibitors. We overexpressed, purified, and crystallized a multidrug-resistant (MDR) HIV-1 protease enzyme derived from a patient failing on several protease inhibitor-containing regimens. This HIV-1 variant contained codon mutations at positions 10, 36, 46, 54, 63, 71, 82, 84, and 90 that confer drug resistance to protease inhibitors. The 1.8-angstrom (Å) crystal structure of this MDR patient isolate reveals an expanded active-site cavity. The active-site expansion includes position 82 and 84 mutations due to the alterations in the amino acid side chains from longer to shorter (e.g., V82A and I84V). The MDR isolate 769 protease "flaps" stay open wider, and the difference in the flap tip distances in the MDR 769 variant is 12 Å. The MDR 769 protease crystal complexes with lopinavir and DMP450 reveal completely different binding modes. The network of interactions between the ligands and the MDR 769 protease is completely different from that seen with the wild-type protease-ligand complexes. The water molecule-forming hydrogen bonds bridging between the two flaps and either the substrate or the peptide-based inhibitor are lacking in the MDR 769 clinical isolate. The S1, S1′, S3, and S3′ pockets show expansion and conformational change. Surface plasmon resonance measurements with the MDR 769 protease indicate higher koff rates, resulting in a change of binding affinity. Surface plasmon resonance measurements provide kon and k off data (Kd = koff/kon) to measure binding of the multidrug-resistant protease to various ligands. This MDR 769 protease represents a new antiviral target, presenting the possibility of designing novel inhibitors with activity against the open and expanded protease forms.
Original language | English (US) |
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Pages (from-to) | 3123-3132 |
Number of pages | 10 |
Journal | Journal of virology |
Volume | 78 |
Issue number | 6 |
DOIs | |
State | Published - Mar 2004 |
ASJC Scopus subject areas
- Insect Science
- Virology
- Microbiology
- Immunology
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Crystal structures of a Multidrug-Resistant HIV-1 Protease Reveal an Expanded Active Site Cavity
Logsdon, B. C. (Contributor), Vickrey, J. F. (Contributor), Martin, P. (Contributor), Proteasa, G. (Contributor), Koepke, J. I. (Contributor), Terlecky, S. R. (Contributor), Wawrzak, Z. (Contributor), Winters, M. A. (Contributor), Merigan, T. C. (Contributor) & Kovari, L. C. (Contributor), Protein Data Bank (PDB), Dec 14 2004
DOI: 10.2210/pdb1RV7/pdb, https://www.wwpdb.org/pdb?id=pdb_00001rv7
Dataset
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Crystal structures of a Multidrug-Resistant HIV-1 Protease Reveal an Expanded Active Site Cavity
Logsdon, B. C. (Contributor), Vickrey, J. F. (Contributor), Martin, P. (Contributor), Proteasa, G. (Contributor), Koepke, J. I. (Contributor), Terlecky, S. R. (Contributor), Wawrzak, Z. (Contributor), Winters, M. A. (Contributor), Merigan, T. C. (Contributor) & Kovari, L. C. (Contributor), Protein Data Bank (PDB), Dec 7 2004
DOI: 10.2210/pdb1RPI/pdb, https://www.wwpdb.org/pdb?id=pdb_00001rpi
Dataset
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Crystal structures of a Multidrug-Resistant HIV-1 Protease Reveal an Expanded Active Site Cavity
Logsdon, B. C. (Contributor), Vickrey, J. F. (Contributor), Martin, P. (Contributor), Proteasa, G. (Contributor), Koepke, J. I. (Contributor), Terlecky, S. R. (Contributor), Wawrzak, Z. (Contributor), Winters, M. A. (Contributor), Merigan, T. C. (Contributor) & Kovari, L. C. (Contributor), Protein Data Bank (PDB), Dec 7 2004
DOI: 10.2210/pdb1RQ9/pdb, https://www.wwpdb.org/pdb?id=pdb_00001rq9
Dataset