Cyclic differential pulse voltammetry: A versatile instrumental approach using a computerized system

An extremely versatile instrumental approach in differential pulse voltammetry using computerized instrumentation is described. Scan rates in excess of 1 V s^-1 can be used and each of the d.c. (staircase), pulse, and differential pulse components of the experiment can be measured simultaneously. Measurement of the individual components of this dual time domain technique rather than just the differential readout is shown to provide important additional information concerning both the nature of the technique and the electrode process under consideration. The use of cyclic differential pulse voltammetry is also described and shown to be a valuable extension to the currently available methodology in differential pulse voltammetry. An upper useful limit in the scan rate of about 1 V s^-1 is imposed on the technique because of the d.c. faradaic distortion terms arising from the d.c. (staircase) component of the experiment and for other reasons.