@article{75224de12d41487db093c4ed1d6b4d57,
title = "Disentangling the sources of ionizing radiation in superconducting qubits",
abstract = "Radioactivity was recently discovered as a source of decoherence and correlated errors for the real-world implementation of superconducting quantum processors. In this work, we measure levels of radioactivity present in a typical laboratory environment (from muons, neutrons, and γ-rays emitted by naturally occurring radioactive isotopes) and in the most commonly used materials for the assembly and operation of state-of-the-art superconducting qubits. We present a GEANT-4 based simulation to predict the rate of impacts and the amount of energy released in a qubit chip from each of the mentioned sources. We finally propose mitigation strategies for the operation of next-generation qubits in a radio-pure environment.",
author = "L. Cardani and I. Colantoni and A. Cruciani and {De Dominicis}, F. and G. D{\textquoteright}Imperio and M. Laubenstein and A. Mariani and L. Pagnanini and S. Pirro and C. Tomei and N. Casali and F. Ferroni and D. Frolov and L. Gironi and A. Grassellino and M. Junker and C. Kopas and E. Lachman and McRae, {C. R.H.} and J. Mutus and M. Nastasi and Pappas, {D. P.} and R. Pilipenko and M. Sisti and V. Pettinacci and A. Romanenko and {Van Zanten}, D. and M. Vignati and Withrow, {J. D.} and Zhelev, {N. Z.}",
note = "Funding Information: The authors thank the Director and technical staff of the Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso. We are grateful to A. Girardi for the controller of the cryogenic switch, M. Guetti for the help with the whole cryogenic facility (including its continuous upgrades), and M. Iannone for the design and construction of the chip holder and readout. We are also grateful to the LNGS Computing and Network Service for computing resources and support on U-LITE cluster at LNGS. We thank F. Cappella and G. Pessina for the stimulating discussions on the simulator of muons and on the radioactivity of the PCBs, respectively. The work was supported by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, National Quantum Information Science Research Centers, Superconducting Quantum Materials and Systems Center (SQMS) under the contract no. DE-AC02-07CH11359, and by the Italian Ministry of Research under the PRIN Contract no. 2020h5l338 (“Thin films and radioactivity mitigation to enhance superconducting quantum processors and low temperature particle detectors”). Finally, we are grateful to Raffele Tripiccione (Lele) for his tireless effort in building this collaboration. Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2023, The Author(s).",
year = "2023",
month = jan,
doi = "10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-11199-2",
language = "English (US)",
volume = "83",
journal = "European Physical Journal C",
issn = "1434-6044",
publisher = "Springer New York",
number = "1",
}