TY - JOUR
T1 - Does the relationship between alcohol retail environment and alcohol outcomes vary by depressive symptoms? Findings from a U.S. Survey of Black, Hispanic and White drinkers
AU - Phillips, Aryn Z.
AU - Mulia, Nina
AU - Subbaraman, Meenakshi S.
AU - Kershaw, Kiarri N.
AU - Kerr, William C.
AU - Karriker-Jaffe, Katherine J.
N1 - Funding Information:
This work was supported by the National Institutes of Health’s National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism [grant number P50AA005595] and National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute [grant number T32HL069771]. The funders had no involvement in the study design, collection, analysis, or interpretation of data, writing of the manuscript, or decision to submit the manuscript for publication.
Funding Information:
The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests: Dr. Kerr has received funding and travel support from the National Alcoholic Beverage Control Association. Dr. Kerr has been paid as an expert witness regarding cases on alcohol policy issues retained by the Attorney General’s Offices of the US states of Indiana and Illinois under arrangements where half of the cost was paid by organizations representing wine and spirits distributors in those states. The remaining authors have no interests to report.
Publisher Copyright:
© 2022 Elsevier Ltd
PY - 2023/1
Y1 - 2023/1
N2 - Aims: To assess whether associations between alcohol availability and consumption, drinking to drunkenness, and negative drinking consequences vary among individuals with elevated depressive symptoms. Methods: 10,482 current drinkers in 2005–2015 National Alcohol Surveys (50.0% female; 74.4% White, 8.7% Black, 11.1% Hispanic). Elevated depressive symptoms was defined as having symptoms suggestive of major depressive disorder (above CES-D8/PHQ-2 cut-offs) versus no/sub-threshold symptoms (below cut-offs). Inverse probability of treatment weighted and covariate adjusted Poisson models with robust standard errors estimated associations of ZIP-code bar density and off-premise outlet density (locations/1,000 residents), elevated depressive symptoms, and their interaction with past-year volume consumed, monthly drinking to drunkenness, and negative drinking consequences. Models were then stratified by sex and race and ethnicity. Results: Overall, 13.7% of respondents had elevated depressive symptoms. Regarding density, the only statistically significant association observed was between off-premise density and volume consumed (rate ratio = 1.3, 95% confidence interval = 1.0, 1.7). Elevated depressive symptoms were associated with higher volume consumed, prevalence of drinking to drunkenness, and prevalence of negative consequences when controlling for off-premise density or bar density. However, there was no evidence of interaction between symptoms and density in the full sample nor among subgroups. Conclusion: This study suggests that, while elevated depressive symptoms do not alter associations between alcohol availability and alcohol use and problems, they remain associated with these outcomes among past-year drinkers in a U.S. general population sample even when accounting for differential availability. Addressing depressive symptoms should be considered along with other policies to reduce population-level drinking and alcohol problems.
AB - Aims: To assess whether associations between alcohol availability and consumption, drinking to drunkenness, and negative drinking consequences vary among individuals with elevated depressive symptoms. Methods: 10,482 current drinkers in 2005–2015 National Alcohol Surveys (50.0% female; 74.4% White, 8.7% Black, 11.1% Hispanic). Elevated depressive symptoms was defined as having symptoms suggestive of major depressive disorder (above CES-D8/PHQ-2 cut-offs) versus no/sub-threshold symptoms (below cut-offs). Inverse probability of treatment weighted and covariate adjusted Poisson models with robust standard errors estimated associations of ZIP-code bar density and off-premise outlet density (locations/1,000 residents), elevated depressive symptoms, and their interaction with past-year volume consumed, monthly drinking to drunkenness, and negative drinking consequences. Models were then stratified by sex and race and ethnicity. Results: Overall, 13.7% of respondents had elevated depressive symptoms. Regarding density, the only statistically significant association observed was between off-premise density and volume consumed (rate ratio = 1.3, 95% confidence interval = 1.0, 1.7). Elevated depressive symptoms were associated with higher volume consumed, prevalence of drinking to drunkenness, and prevalence of negative consequences when controlling for off-premise density or bar density. However, there was no evidence of interaction between symptoms and density in the full sample nor among subgroups. Conclusion: This study suggests that, while elevated depressive symptoms do not alter associations between alcohol availability and alcohol use and problems, they remain associated with these outcomes among past-year drinkers in a U.S. general population sample even when accounting for differential availability. Addressing depressive symptoms should be considered along with other policies to reduce population-level drinking and alcohol problems.
KW - Alcohol problems
KW - Alcohol retail environment
KW - Alcohol use
KW - Depressive symptoms
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U2 - 10.1016/j.addbeh.2022.107463
DO - 10.1016/j.addbeh.2022.107463
M3 - Article
C2 - 36029722
AN - SCOPUS:85136530095
SN - 0306-4603
VL - 136
JO - Addictive Behaviors
JF - Addictive Behaviors
M1 - 107463
ER -
