Durability of clinical benefit with transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) in the treatment of pharmacoresistant major depression: Assessment of relapse during a 6-month, multisite, open-label study

Philip G. Janicak*, Ziad Nahas, Sarah H. Lisanby, H. Brent Solvason, Shirlene M. Sampson, William M. McDonald, Lauren B. Marangell, Peter Rosenquist, W. Vaughn McCall, James Kimball, John P. O'Reardon, Colleen Loo, Mustafa H. Husain, Andrew Krystal, William S Gilmer, Sheila M. Dowd, Mark A. Demitrack, Alan F. Schatzberg

*Corresponding author for this work

Research output: Contribution to journalReview articlepeer-review

140 Scopus citations

Abstract

Background Although transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) can be an effective acute antidepressant treatment, few studies systematically examine persistence of benefit. Objective We assessed the durability of antidepressant effect after acute response to TMS in patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) using protocol-specified maintenance antidepressant monotherapy. Methods Three hundred one patients were randomly assigned to active or sham TMS in a 6-week, controlled trial. Nonresponders could enroll in a second, 6-week, open-label study. Patients who met criteria for partial response (i.e., .25% decrease from the baseline HAMD 17) during either the sham-controlled or open-label study (n 5 142) were tapered off TMS over 3 weeks, while simultaneously starting maintenance antidepressant monotherapy. Patients were then followed for 24 weeks in a naturalistic follow-up study examining the long-term durability of TMS. During this durability study, TMS was readministered if patients met prespecified criteria for symptom worsening (i.e., a change of at least one point on the CGI-S scale for 2 consecutive weeks). Relapse was the primary outcome measure. Results Ten of 99 (10%; Kaplan-Meier survival estimate 5 12.9%) patients relapsed. Thirty-eight (38.4%) patients met criteria for symptom worsening and 32/38 (84.2%) reachieved symptomatic benefit with adjunctive TMS. Safety and tolerability were similar to acute TMS monotherapy. Conclusions These initial data suggest that the therapeutic effects of TMS are durable and that TMS may be successfully used as an intermittent rescue strategy to preclude impending relapse.

Original languageEnglish (US)
Pages (from-to)187-199
Number of pages13
JournalBrain Stimulation
Volume3
Issue number4
DOIs
StatePublished - Oct 2010

Funding

Supported by a grant from Neuronetics Inc . (Grant 44-01103-000 ).

Keywords

  • Antidepressant
  • Clinical trial
  • Maintenance of effect
  • Major depression
  • TMS
  • Treatment resistance

ASJC Scopus subject areas

  • Clinical Neurology
  • Biophysics
  • General Neuroscience

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