Emergency department use after outpatient thyroidectomy across three states

Background: Although outpatient thyroidectomy has become common, few large-scale studies have examined post-thyroidectomy emergency department use, readmission, and encounters not resulting in readmission, known as “treat-and-release” encounters. We evaluated post-outpatient thyroidectomy emergency department use and readmission and characterized associated factors. Methods: Using the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project databases, we identified adult outpatient (same-day or <24-hour discharge) thyroidectomies performed in Florida, Maryland, and New York from 2016 to 2017. We identified the procedures linked with emergency department treat-and-release encounters and readmissions within 30 days postoperatively and the factors associated with post-thyroidectomy emergency department use and readmission. Results: Of the 17,046 patients who underwent outpatient thyroidectomy at 374 facilities, 7.5% had emergency department treat-and-release encounters and 2.3% readmissions. The most common reasons for emergency department treat-and-release encounters (9.9%) and readmissions (22.2%) were hypocalcemia–related diagnoses. Greater odds of treat-and-release were associated with identifying as non-Hispanic Black (adjusted odds ratio: 1.5, 95% confidence interval: 1.3–1.8) or Hispanic race/ethnicity (adjusted odds ratio: 1.4, 95% CI: 1.1–1.6), having Medicaid insurance (adjusted odds ratio: 2.7, 95% CI: 2.3–3.2), and living in non-metropolitan areas (adjusted odds ratio: 1.6, 95% CI: 1.1–2.2). We observed no associations between these factors and the odds of readmission. Conclusion: Emergency department use after outpatient thyroidectomy is common. Racial, ethnic, socioeconomic, and geographic disparities are associated with treat-and-release encounters but not readmissions. Standardization of perioperative care pathways, focusing on identifying and addressing specific issues in vulnerable populations, could improve care, reduce disparities, and improve patient experience by avoiding unnecessary emergency department visits after outpatient thyroidectomy.