Epidemiology and Management of Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Laura Kulik, Hashem B. El-Serag*

*Corresponding author for this work

Research output: Contribution to journalArticlepeer-review

1257 Scopus citations

Abstract

The major risk factors for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in contemporary clinical practice are becoming increasingly related to sustained virological response after hepatitis C, suppressed hepatitis B virus during treatment, and alcoholic and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. We review the emerging data on the risk and determinants of HCC in these conditions and the implications of HCC surveillance. However, from a public health perspective, active hepatitis C and B continue to drive most of the global burden of HCC. In United States, the age-adjusted incidence rates of HCC in Hispanics have surpassed those of HCC in Asians. Prognosis in HCC is complex because of the competing risk imposed by underlying cirrhosis and presence of malignancy. In addition to tumor burden, liver function and performance status; additional parameters including tumor biopsy, serum markers, and subclassification of current staging systems; and taking into account patterns of tumor progression may improve patient selection for therapy. Advancements in the treatment of HCC have included identification of patients who are most likely to derive a clinically significant benefit from the available therapeutic options. Additionally, the combination strategies of locoregional therapies and/or systemic therapy are being investigated.

Original languageEnglish (US)
Pages (from-to)477-491.e1
JournalGastroenterology
Volume156
Issue number2
DOIs
StatePublished - Jan 2019

Funding

Funding This material is based on work supported by a Cancer Prevention & Research Institute of Texas grant (RP150587). The work is also supported in part by the Center for Gastrointestinal Development, Infection and Injury (NIDDK P30 DK 56338).

Keywords

  • Epidemiology
  • Hepatitis C
  • Hepatocellular Carcinoma

ASJC Scopus subject areas

  • Gastroenterology
  • Hepatology

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