Expression of human growth hormone-releasing factor in transgenic mice results in increased somatic growth

The neurohumoral regulation of growth hormone secretion is mediated in part by two hypothalamic peptides that reach the anterior pituitary via the hypothalamo-hypophysial portal blood system¹. Somatostatin inhibits the release of growth hormone², whereas growth hormone-releasing factor (GRF) positively regulates both growth hormone synthesis^3,4 and secretion^5,6. Two forms of human GRF, 40 and 44 amino acids long, have been characterized from extra-hypothalamic tumours^7,8 as well as from the hypothalamus⁹. Analysis of human GRF complementary DNA^10,11 and genomic¹² clones indicates that the GRF peptides are first synthesized as a 107- or 108-amino-acid precursor protein. To examine the physiological consequences of GRF expression, we have established strains of transgenic mice containing a fusion gene including the promoter/regulatory region of the mouse metal-lothionein-I (MT-I) gene ¹³ and the coding region of the human GRF gene¹². We report that expression of the human GRF precursor protein in these animals results in measurable levels of human GRF and increased levels of mouse growth hormone in plasma and accelerated growth rates relative to control littermates. These results demonstrate a direct role for GRF in the positive regulation of somatic growth. Unexpectedly, female transgenic mice carrying the MT-GRF fusion gene are fertile, in contrast to female transgenic mice expressing human or rat growth hormone, which are generally infertile. These transgenic mouse strains should provide useful animal models for the study of several types of human growth disorders.