Food sources of dietary sodium in the Japanese adult population: the international study of macro-/micronutrients and blood pressure (INTERMAP)

Nagako Okuda; Akira Okayama; Katsuyuki Miura; Katsushi Yoshita; Shigeyuki Saito; Hideaki Nakagawa; Kiyomi Sakata; Naoko Miyagawa; Queenie Chan; Paul Elliott; Hirotsugu Ueshima; Jeremiah Stamler

doi:10.1007/s00394-016-1177-1

Food sources of dietary sodium in the Japanese adult population: the international study of macro-/micronutrients and blood pressure (INTERMAP)

Nagako Okuda^*, Akira Okayama, Katsuyuki Miura, Katsushi Yoshita, Shigeyuki Saito, Hideaki Nakagawa, Kiyomi Sakata, Naoko Miyagawa, Queenie Chan, Paul Elliott, Hirotsugu Ueshima, Jeremiah Stamler

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Abstract

Purpose: It is often reported that Na intake levels are higher in Japan than in western countries. Detailed analysis of food intake and its association with Na intake are necessary for supporting further decreases in Na consumption in Japan. We investigated the association between Na and food intake by food group using data from the Japanese participants of the INTERMAP Study. Method: Results from the Japanese participants of the INTERMAP Study who did not use antihypertensive medication and/or consume a reduced Na diet were used (531 men and 518 women, aged 40–59 years), obtained from four 24-h dietary recalls and two 24-h urine collections from each participant. We developed a classification system with 46 food group classifications; food consumption and Na intake from these groups were compared across quartiles of participants determined by 24-h urinary Na excretion per unit of body weight (UNa/BW). Results: Average daily Na intake from Japanese high-Na foods was 2552 mg/day. Participants with a higher UNa/BW consumed a significantly greater amount of high-Na Japanese foods, such as salted fish (P = 0.001) and miso soup (P < 0.001). They also had greater amount of rice (P = 0.001). Participants with lower UNa/BW consumed a significantly greater amount of western foods, such as bread (P < 0.001) and milk and dairy products (P < 0.001). Conclusions: Detailed analyses of various Japanese and western food intakes in addition to Na intake were performed. These results can be used to help draw up effective programs for the reduction in Na intake and prevention of prehypertension/hypertension in the Japanese population.

Original language	English (US)
Pages (from-to)	1269-1280
Number of pages	12
Journal	European Journal of Nutrition
Volume	56
Issue number	3
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-016-1177-1
State	Published - Apr 1 2017

Funding

This research was supported by Grant 2-RO1-HL50490 from the US National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, and by National and Local Agencies in China, Japan (the Ministry of Education, Science, Sports, and Culture, Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research [A], No. 090357003, JSPS KAKENHI Grant Number 26460759), and the UK. This study was also supported in part by Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd. P.E. is a Senior Investigator of the UK National Institute of Health Research (NIHR) and was supported by the NIHR, the Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust and Imperial College Biomedical Research Centre. PE is also supported by the UK MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health and the UK NIHR Health Protection Research Unit on Health Impacts of Environmental Hazards. The sponsors had no role in the design or conduct of the study, the collection, management, analysis, or interpretation of the data, or the preparation, review, or approval of the manuscript.

Keywords

24-h urine
Food intake
Japanese diet
Population study
Sodium intake

ASJC Scopus subject areas

Nutrition and Dietetics
Medicine (miscellaneous)

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10.1007/s00394-016-1177-1

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Okuda, N., Okayama, A., Miura, K., Yoshita, K., Saito, S., Nakagawa, H., Sakata, K., Miyagawa, N., Chan, Q., Elliott, P., Ueshima, H., & Stamler, J. (2017). Food sources of dietary sodium in the Japanese adult population: the international study of macro-/micronutrients and blood pressure (INTERMAP). European Journal of Nutrition, 56(3), 1269-1280. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-016-1177-1

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title = "Food sources of dietary sodium in the Japanese adult population: the international study of macro-/micronutrients and blood pressure (INTERMAP)",

abstract = "Purpose: It is often reported that Na intake levels are higher in Japan than in western countries. Detailed analysis of food intake and its association with Na intake are necessary for supporting further decreases in Na consumption in Japan. We investigated the association between Na and food intake by food group using data from the Japanese participants of the INTERMAP Study. Method: Results from the Japanese participants of the INTERMAP Study who did not use antihypertensive medication and/or consume a reduced Na diet were used (531 men and 518 women, aged 40–59 years), obtained from four 24-h dietary recalls and two 24-h urine collections from each participant. We developed a classification system with 46 food group classifications; food consumption and Na intake from these groups were compared across quartiles of participants determined by 24-h urinary Na excretion per unit of body weight (UNa/BW). Results: Average daily Na intake from Japanese high-Na foods was 2552 mg/day. Participants with a higher UNa/BW consumed a significantly greater amount of high-Na Japanese foods, such as salted fish (P = 0.001) and miso soup (P < 0.001). They also had greater amount of rice (P = 0.001). Participants with lower UNa/BW consumed a significantly greater amount of western foods, such as bread (P < 0.001) and milk and dairy products (P < 0.001). Conclusions: Detailed analyses of various Japanese and western food intakes in addition to Na intake were performed. These results can be used to help draw up effective programs for the reduction in Na intake and prevention of prehypertension/hypertension in the Japanese population.",

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author = "Nagako Okuda and Akira Okayama and Katsuyuki Miura and Katsushi Yoshita and Shigeyuki Saito and Hideaki Nakagawa and Kiyomi Sakata and Naoko Miyagawa and Queenie Chan and Paul Elliott and Hirotsugu Ueshima and Jeremiah Stamler",

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doi = "10.1007/s00394-016-1177-1",

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Okuda, N, Okayama, A, Miura, K, Yoshita, K, Saito, S, Nakagawa, H, Sakata, K, Miyagawa, N, Chan, Q, Elliott, P, Ueshima, H & Stamler, J 2017, 'Food sources of dietary sodium in the Japanese adult population: the international study of macro-/micronutrients and blood pressure (INTERMAP)', European Journal of Nutrition, vol. 56, no. 3, pp. 1269-1280. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-016-1177-1

TY - JOUR

T1 - Food sources of dietary sodium in the Japanese adult population

T2 - the international study of macro-/micronutrients and blood pressure (INTERMAP)

AU - Okuda, Nagako

AU - Okayama, Akira

AU - Miura, Katsuyuki

AU - Yoshita, Katsushi

AU - Saito, Shigeyuki

AU - Nakagawa, Hideaki

AU - Sakata, Kiyomi

AU - Miyagawa, Naoko

AU - Chan, Queenie

AU - Elliott, Paul

AU - Ueshima, Hirotsugu

AU - Stamler, Jeremiah

PY - 2017/4/1

Y1 - 2017/4/1

N2 - Purpose: It is often reported that Na intake levels are higher in Japan than in western countries. Detailed analysis of food intake and its association with Na intake are necessary for supporting further decreases in Na consumption in Japan. We investigated the association between Na and food intake by food group using data from the Japanese participants of the INTERMAP Study. Method: Results from the Japanese participants of the INTERMAP Study who did not use antihypertensive medication and/or consume a reduced Na diet were used (531 men and 518 women, aged 40–59 years), obtained from four 24-h dietary recalls and two 24-h urine collections from each participant. We developed a classification system with 46 food group classifications; food consumption and Na intake from these groups were compared across quartiles of participants determined by 24-h urinary Na excretion per unit of body weight (UNa/BW). Results: Average daily Na intake from Japanese high-Na foods was 2552 mg/day. Participants with a higher UNa/BW consumed a significantly greater amount of high-Na Japanese foods, such as salted fish (P = 0.001) and miso soup (P < 0.001). They also had greater amount of rice (P = 0.001). Participants with lower UNa/BW consumed a significantly greater amount of western foods, such as bread (P < 0.001) and milk and dairy products (P < 0.001). Conclusions: Detailed analyses of various Japanese and western food intakes in addition to Na intake were performed. These results can be used to help draw up effective programs for the reduction in Na intake and prevention of prehypertension/hypertension in the Japanese population.

AB - Purpose: It is often reported that Na intake levels are higher in Japan than in western countries. Detailed analysis of food intake and its association with Na intake are necessary for supporting further decreases in Na consumption in Japan. We investigated the association between Na and food intake by food group using data from the Japanese participants of the INTERMAP Study. Method: Results from the Japanese participants of the INTERMAP Study who did not use antihypertensive medication and/or consume a reduced Na diet were used (531 men and 518 women, aged 40–59 years), obtained from four 24-h dietary recalls and two 24-h urine collections from each participant. We developed a classification system with 46 food group classifications; food consumption and Na intake from these groups were compared across quartiles of participants determined by 24-h urinary Na excretion per unit of body weight (UNa/BW). Results: Average daily Na intake from Japanese high-Na foods was 2552 mg/day. Participants with a higher UNa/BW consumed a significantly greater amount of high-Na Japanese foods, such as salted fish (P = 0.001) and miso soup (P < 0.001). They also had greater amount of rice (P = 0.001). Participants with lower UNa/BW consumed a significantly greater amount of western foods, such as bread (P < 0.001) and milk and dairy products (P < 0.001). Conclusions: Detailed analyses of various Japanese and western food intakes in addition to Na intake were performed. These results can be used to help draw up effective programs for the reduction in Na intake and prevention of prehypertension/hypertension in the Japanese population.

KW - 24-h urine

KW - Food intake

KW - Japanese diet

KW - Population study

KW - Sodium intake

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Food sources of dietary sodium in the Japanese adult population: the international study of macro-/micronutrients and blood pressure (INTERMAP)

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