Abstract
Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), caused by human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), has claimed more than 10 million lives over the past 15 years. There are approximately 30 million HIV-positive people worldwide, 89% of whom reside in sub-Saharan Africa and Asia. The intricate relationship between the virus and HIV-related human multisystem pathology prompted scientists to modify many previously established concepts about infectious diseases and immunology, and to test new ones. The results of this work helped resolve many, albeit not all, long-standing problems concerning HIV-1 immune escape, its cellular tropism, and pathogenesis of HIV-related immunosuppression and nervous system disease. The most impressive advances have been made in antiretroviral drug treatment of HIV infection, which has resulted in dramatically reducing AIDS-related mortality, morbidity, and perinatal transmission. However, considering the magnitude of the worldwide HIV-AIDS pandemic, prohibitive cost and unusually exacting nature of combination drug treatment, as well as the emergence of drug-resistant HIV mutants, the disease and virus remain formidable and unpredictable, particularly in the area of prevention and vaccine development. Here, we have reviewed the most pertinent recently published studies of various aspects of HIV/AIDS intended to answer the following questions: what have we learned and what remains to be determined regarding this unorthodox viral disorder? Copyright (C) 2000 by W.B. Saunders Company.
| Original language | English (US) |
|---|---|
| Pages (from-to) | 1274-1298 |
| Number of pages | 25 |
| Journal | Human pathology |
| Volume | 31 |
| Issue number | 10 |
| DOIs | |
| State | Published - 2000 |
Funding
Abbreviations: ADC, AIDS dementia complex; AA, arachidonic acid; BBB, blood-brain barrier; β2-M, β2-microglobulin; CDC, Center for Disease Control and Prevention; CTL, cytotoxic T lymphocytes; HIVE, HIV encephalopathy; IL, interleukin; LRS, lymphore-ticular system; LTNP, long-term nonprogressors; MCP, monocyte chemotactic proteins; MIP, macrophage inflammatory proteins; MNC, multinucleated cells; MGN, microglial nodules; M-tropic-NSI-R5-HIV, monocytes (replicating), nonsyncytia inducing, CCR5 β-chemokine receptor binding-HIV; NO, nitric oxide; NOS, nitric oxide synthase; PCD, programmed cell death; PCR, polymerase chain reaction; PBMC, peripheral blood mononuclear cells; PE, progressive encephalopathy; ROS, reactive oxygen species; STD, sexually transmitted diseases; TCR, T cell antigen receptors; TNF, tumor necrosis factor; T-tropic-SI-X4-HIV, T (cell line replicating)-syncytia inducing CXC4 alpha-chemokine receptor binding-HIV; VM, vacuolar myelopathy; QA, quinolinic acid; ZMM, zidovudine-related mitochondrial myopathy; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; AIDS, acquired immune deficiency syndrome; CNS, central nervous system; PNS, peripheral nervous system; CSF, cerebrospinal fluid; CMV, cytomegalovirus; PML, multifocal leukoencephalopathy; SIV, simian immunodeficiency virus; TGF, transforming growth factor; NMDA, N-methyl-D-aspartate; MM, mononeuritis multiplex; HAART, highly active antiretroviral therapy; NIH, National Institutes of Health; WHO, World Health Organization.
Keywords
- AIDS dementia complex (ADC) and HIV encephalopathy (HIVE)
- Apoptosis
- CD4+ T cells
- Chemokine receptors
- Drug treatment
- Epidemiology
- HIV-1 tropism
- Pathogenesis
- Tissue damage (nervous, lymphoid)
- Viral burden
ASJC Scopus subject areas
- Pathology and Forensic Medicine
