TY - JOUR
T1 - Hypoxia and hypothermia enhance spatial heterogeneities of repolarization in guinea pig hearts
T2 - Analysis of spatial autocorrelation of optically recorded action potential durations
AU - Salama, Guy
AU - Kanai, Anthony J.
AU - Huang, David
AU - Efimov, Igor R.
AU - Girouard, Steven D.
AU - Rosenbaum, David S.
PY - 1998
Y1 - 1998
N2 - Introduction: Regional dispersions of repolarization (DOR) are arrhythmogenic perturbations that are closely associated with reentry. However, the characteristics of DOR have not been well defined or adequately analyzed because previous algorithms did not take into account spatial heterogeneities of action potential durations (APDs). Earlier simulations proposed that pathologic conditions enhance DOR by decreasing electrical coupling between cells, thereby unmasking differences in cellular repolarization between neighboring cells. Optical mapping indicated that gradients of APD and DOR are associated with fiber structure and are largely independent of activation. We developed an approach to quantitatively characterize APD gradients and DOR to determine how they are influenced by tissue anisotropy and cell coupling during diverse arrhythmogenic insults such as hypoxia and hypothermia. Methods and Results: Voltage-sensitive dyes were used to map APs from 124 sites on the epicardium of Langendorff- perfused guinea pig hearts during (1) cycles of hypoxia and reoxygenation and (2) after 30 minutes of hypothermia (32°to 25°C). We introduce an approach to quantitate DOR by analyzing two-dimensional spatial autocorrelation of APDs along directions perpendicular and parallel to the longitudinal axis of epicardial fibers. A spatial correlation length L was derived as a statistical measure of DOR. It corresponds to the distance over which APDs had comparable values, where L is inversely related to DOR. Hypoxia (30 min) caused a negligible decrease in longitudinal Θ(L) (from 0.530 ± 0.138 to 0.478 ± 0.052 m/sec) and transverse Θ(T) (from 0.225 ± 0.034 to 0.204 ± 0.021 m/sec) conduction velocities and did not alter Θ(L)/Θ(T) or activation patterns. In paced hearts (cycle length [CL] = 300 msec), hypoxia decreased APDs (123 ± 18.2 to 46 ± 0.6 msec; P < 0.001) within 10 to 15 minutes and enhanced DOR, as indicated by reductions of L from 1.8 ± 0.9 to 1.1 ± 0.5 mm (P < 0.005). Hypothermia caused marked reductions of Θ(L) (0.53 ± 0.138 to 0.298 ± 0.104 m/sec) and Θ(T) (0.225 ± 0.034 to 0.138 ± 0.027 m/sec), increased APDs (128 ± 4.4 to 148 ± 14.5 msec), and reduced L from 2.0 ± 0.3 to 1.3 ± 0.6 mm (P < 0.05). L decreased with increased time of hypoxia and recovered upon reoxygenation. Hypoxia and hypothermia reduced L measured along the longitudinal (L(L)) and transverse (L(T)) axes of cardiac fibers while the ratio of L(L)/L(T) remained constant. Conclusion: Conventional indexes of DOR (i.e., APD 'range' or 'standard deviation,' evaluated with extracellular electrodes) did not convey the spatial inhomogeneities of repolarization revealed by L. Spatial autocorrelation analysis provides a statistically significant measurement of DOR, which can take into account intrinsic heterogeneities of APDs and fiber orientation. The data show that hypoxia and hypothermia produce reductions of L, even though they have different effects on mean APD and conduction velocity. The preservation of a constant L(L)/L(T) ratio during hypoxia and hypothermia, despite large reductions in L, is consistent with a mechanism in which reduced cell-to-cell coupling unmasks intrinsic dispersions of APD and reduces L(L) and L(T) by the same factor. Thus, the spatial autocorrelation of APDs provides a sensitive index of DOR under normal and arrhythmogenic conditions. It incorporates the anisotropic nature of the myocardium and therefore is preferable to conventional indexes of DOR.
AB - Introduction: Regional dispersions of repolarization (DOR) are arrhythmogenic perturbations that are closely associated with reentry. However, the characteristics of DOR have not been well defined or adequately analyzed because previous algorithms did not take into account spatial heterogeneities of action potential durations (APDs). Earlier simulations proposed that pathologic conditions enhance DOR by decreasing electrical coupling between cells, thereby unmasking differences in cellular repolarization between neighboring cells. Optical mapping indicated that gradients of APD and DOR are associated with fiber structure and are largely independent of activation. We developed an approach to quantitatively characterize APD gradients and DOR to determine how they are influenced by tissue anisotropy and cell coupling during diverse arrhythmogenic insults such as hypoxia and hypothermia. Methods and Results: Voltage-sensitive dyes were used to map APs from 124 sites on the epicardium of Langendorff- perfused guinea pig hearts during (1) cycles of hypoxia and reoxygenation and (2) after 30 minutes of hypothermia (32°to 25°C). We introduce an approach to quantitate DOR by analyzing two-dimensional spatial autocorrelation of APDs along directions perpendicular and parallel to the longitudinal axis of epicardial fibers. A spatial correlation length L was derived as a statistical measure of DOR. It corresponds to the distance over which APDs had comparable values, where L is inversely related to DOR. Hypoxia (30 min) caused a negligible decrease in longitudinal Θ(L) (from 0.530 ± 0.138 to 0.478 ± 0.052 m/sec) and transverse Θ(T) (from 0.225 ± 0.034 to 0.204 ± 0.021 m/sec) conduction velocities and did not alter Θ(L)/Θ(T) or activation patterns. In paced hearts (cycle length [CL] = 300 msec), hypoxia decreased APDs (123 ± 18.2 to 46 ± 0.6 msec; P < 0.001) within 10 to 15 minutes and enhanced DOR, as indicated by reductions of L from 1.8 ± 0.9 to 1.1 ± 0.5 mm (P < 0.005). Hypothermia caused marked reductions of Θ(L) (0.53 ± 0.138 to 0.298 ± 0.104 m/sec) and Θ(T) (0.225 ± 0.034 to 0.138 ± 0.027 m/sec), increased APDs (128 ± 4.4 to 148 ± 14.5 msec), and reduced L from 2.0 ± 0.3 to 1.3 ± 0.6 mm (P < 0.05). L decreased with increased time of hypoxia and recovered upon reoxygenation. Hypoxia and hypothermia reduced L measured along the longitudinal (L(L)) and transverse (L(T)) axes of cardiac fibers while the ratio of L(L)/L(T) remained constant. Conclusion: Conventional indexes of DOR (i.e., APD 'range' or 'standard deviation,' evaluated with extracellular electrodes) did not convey the spatial inhomogeneities of repolarization revealed by L. Spatial autocorrelation analysis provides a statistically significant measurement of DOR, which can take into account intrinsic heterogeneities of APDs and fiber orientation. The data show that hypoxia and hypothermia produce reductions of L, even though they have different effects on mean APD and conduction velocity. The preservation of a constant L(L)/L(T) ratio during hypoxia and hypothermia, despite large reductions in L, is consistent with a mechanism in which reduced cell-to-cell coupling unmasks intrinsic dispersions of APD and reduces L(L) and L(T) by the same factor. Thus, the spatial autocorrelation of APDs provides a sensitive index of DOR under normal and arrhythmogenic conditions. It incorporates the anisotropic nature of the myocardium and therefore is preferable to conventional indexes of DOR.
KW - Action potential duration
KW - Spatial autocorrelation analysis
KW - Spatial autocorrelation length
KW - Spatial heterogeneities of action potential duration
KW - Voltage-sensitive dye
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U2 - 10.1111/j.1540-8167.1998.tb00897.x
DO - 10.1111/j.1540-8167.1998.tb00897.x
M3 - Article
C2 - 9511890
AN - SCOPUS:0031919220
SN - 1045-3873
VL - 9
SP - 164
EP - 183
JO - Journal of cardiovascular electrophysiology
JF - Journal of cardiovascular electrophysiology
IS - 2
ER -