Abstract
Upcoming LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA (LVK) observing runs are expected to detect a variety of inspiralling gravitational-wave (GW) events that come from black hole and neutron star binary mergers. Detection of noninspiral GW sources is also anticipated. We report the discovery of a new class of noninspiral GW sources—the end states of massive stars—that can produce the brightest simulated stochastic GW burst signal in the LVK bands known to date, and could be detectable in LVK run A+. Some dying massive stars launch bipolar relativistic jets, which inflate a turbulent energetic bubble—cocoon—inside of the star. We simulate such a system using state-of-the-art 3D general relativistic magnetohydrodynamic simulations and show that these cocoons emit quasi-isotropic GW emission in the LVK band, ∼10-100 Hz, over a characteristic jet activity timescale ∼10-100 s. Our first-principles simulations show that jets exhibit a wobbling behavior, in which case cocoon-powered GWs might be detected already in LVK run A+, but it is more likely that these GWs will be detected by the third-generation GW detectors with an estimated rate of ∼10 events yr−1. The detection rate drops to ∼1% of that value if all jets were to feature a traditional axisymmetric structure instead of a wobble. Accompanied by electromagnetic emission from the energetic core-collapse supernova and the cocoon, we predict that collapsars are powerful multimessenger events.
| Original language | English (US) |
|---|---|
| Article number | L30 |
| Journal | Astrophysical Journal Letters |
| Volume | 951 |
| Issue number | 2 |
| DOIs | |
| State | Published - Jul 1 2023 |
Funding
We thank the anonymous referee, Yuri Levin, Kenta Hotokezaka, David Radice, Fabio De Colle, Brian Metzger, and Ilya Mandel for valuable comments. H.N. thanks Hirotada Okawa for useful comments and discussions. O.G. is supported by a CIERA Postdoctoral Fellowship. O.G. and A.T. acknowledge support by Fermi Cycle 14 Guest Investigator program 80NSSC22K0031. A.T. was supported by NSF grants AST-2107839, AST-1815304, AST-1911080, AST-2206471, and OAC-2031997, and NASA grant 80NSSC18K0565. P.N. gratefully acknowledges support at the black hole Initiative (BHI) at Harvard as an external PI with grants from the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation and the John Templeton Foundation. E.R.-R. thanks the Heising-Simons Foundation and the NSF (AST-1911206, AST-1852393, and AST-1615881) for support. This research used resources of the Oak Ridge Leadership Computing Facility, which is a DOE Office of Science User Facility supported under Contract DE-AC05-00OR22725. An award of computer time was provided by the ASCR Leadership Computing Challenge (ALCC), Innovative and Novel Computational Impact on Theory and Experiment (INCITE), and OLCF Director\u2019s Discretionary Allocation programs under award PHY129. This research used resources of the National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center, a DOE Office of Science User Facility supported by the Office of Science of the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract No. DE-AC02-05CH11231 using NERSC award ALCC-ERCAP0022634.
ASJC Scopus subject areas
- Astronomy and Astrophysics
- Space and Planetary Science