Kidney

This chapter provides a practical overview of frequently used markers in the diagnosis and differential diagnosis of both common and rare renal neoplasms, with a specific focus on renal epithelial tumors and their mimickers. The chapter contains 56 questions; each question is addressed with a table, concise note and representative pictures if applicable. A diagram highlighting a diagnostic approach to common renal neoplasms is included. Some newly described diagnostic markers such as GATA3, uroplakin II, KIM-1, PAX2, PAX8, and pVHL are included. In addition to the literature review, the authors have provided their own experience and tested numerous antibodies reported in the literature. Furthermore, immunophenotypes of normal renal tissues have been described, which tends to be neglected in literature.