Kidney

This chapter provides a practical overview of frequently used markers in the diagnosis and differential diagnosis of both common and rare renal neoplasms, with a specific focus on renal epithelial tumors and their mimickers. The chapter contains 60 questions; each question is addressed with a table, concise note, and representative pictures if applicable. Some newly described diagnostic markers such as TFEB, SDH-B, FH, 2SC, BCOR, CDH17, BRAF, cathepsin K, pan-Trk, and VSTM2A are included. Some of these markers are still under investigation to further prove clinical applications. In addition to the literature review, the authors have provided their own experience and tested numerous antibodies reported in the literature. Furthermore, immunophenotypes of normal renal tissues have been described, which tends to be neglected in literature.