Labeling of adenine and guanine nucleotide-binding proteins in permeabilized cells with in Situ periodate-oxidized nucleotides

A novel approach for identification of adenine and guanine nucleotide-binding proteins in permeabilized cells is described. Cells were incubated for various periods with α-³²P-labeled nucleotides and then briefly treated with periodate. Condensation products formed in situ between the protein bound α-³²P-labeled oxidized nucleotide (NTP_oxi) and a lysine residue near the nucleotide-binding sites were rapidly stabilized by the addition of cyanoborohydride. Analysis by two-dimensional isoelectric focusing/sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed that in the human leukemic T-cell line Jurkat a number of distinct intracellular proteins could be labeled with ATP_oxi (M_r 40,000-200,000) or GTP_oxi (M_r 19,000-80,000). Competition with deoxyribonucleotides confirmed the selectivity of these affinity labeling reactions. To test this method two classical GTP-binding proteins were further examined. First the α-subunits of the G_s and G_i-2 proteins were specifically labeled with [α-³²P]-GTP_oxi but not with [α-³²P]ATP_oxi. Second, p21^ras was crosslinked specifically to [α-³²P]GTP_oxi or to its bound endogenous ligand. Surprisingly, under optimized conditions 60% of the ras protein was specifically modified, demonstrating the high efficiency and sensitivity of the method. As a first step toward isolation of hitherto unidentified nucleotide-binding proteins, rabbit antisera specific for the modified amino acid residues were raised. The presented labeling method can be applied for identification of nucleotide-binding proteins in all eukaryotic cells.