Marginally stable thermal equilibria of Rayleigh-Bénard convection

Natural convection exhibits turbulent flows which are difficult or impossible to resolve in direct numerical simulations. In this work we investigate a quasilinear form of the Rayleigh-Bénard problem which describes the bulk one-dimensional properties of convection without resolving the turbulent dynamics. We represent perturbations away from the mean using a sum of marginally stable eigenmodes. By constraining the perturbation amplitudes, the marginal stability criterion allows us to evolve the background temperature profile under the influence of multiple eigenmodes representing flows at different length scales. We find the quasilinear system evolves to an equilibrium state where advective and diffusive fluxes sum to a constant. These marginally stable thermal equilibria (MSTE) are exact solutions of the quasilinear equations. The mean MSTE temperature profiles have thinner boundary layers and larger Nusselt numbers than thermally equilibrated two- and three-dimensional simulations of the full nonlinear equations. MSTE solutions exhibit a classic boundary-layer scaling of the Nusselt number Nu with the Rayleigh number Ra of Nu∼Ra1/3. When MSTE are used as initial conditions for a two-dimensional simulation, we find that Nu quickly equilibrates without the burst of turbulence often induced by purely conductive initial conditions, but we also find that the kinetic energy is too large and viscously attenuates on a long, viscous timescale.