TY - JOUR
T1 - Mindfulness and nocturnal rumination are independently associated with symptoms of insomnia and depression during pregnancy
AU - Kalmbach, David A.
AU - Roth, Thomas
AU - Cheng, Philip
AU - Ong, Jason C.
AU - Rosenbaum, Elana
AU - Drake, Christopher L.
N1 - Funding Information:
Financial support: This study was funded by the American Academy of Sleep Medicine (198-FP-18; PI: Kalmbach). Dr. Cheng’s effort was funded by the National Heart, Lung, & Blood Institute ( K23 HL13866 , PI: Cheng).
Funding Information:
Financial support: This study was funded by the American Academy of Sleep Medicine (198-FP-18; PI: Kalmbach). Dr. Cheng's effort was funded by the National Heart, Lung, & Blood Institute (K23 HL13866, PI: Cheng).Disclosure statement: Dr. Kalmbach has received research support from Merck & Co. Dr. Roth. has received research support from Aventis, Cephalon, Glaxo Smith Kline, Neurocrine, Pfizer, Sanofi, Schering-Plough, Sepracor, Somaxon, Syrex, Takeda, TransOral, Wyeth and Xenoport and has acted as a consultant for Abbott, Acadia, Acoglix, Actelion, Alchemers, Alza, Ancil, Arena, Astra Zeneca, Aventis, AVER, BMS, BTG, Cephalon, Cypress, Dove, Elan, Eli Lilly, Evotec, Forest, Glaxo Smith Kline, Hypnion, Impax, Intec, Intra-Cellular, Jazz, Johnson & Johnson, King, Lundbeck, McNeil, Medici Nova, Merck & Co., Neurim, Neurocrine, Neurogen, Novartis, Orexo, Organon, Prestwick, Procter-Gamble, Pfizer, Purdue, Resteva, Roche, Sanofi, Schering-Plough, Sepracor, Servier, Shire, Somaxon, Syrex, Takeda, TransOral, Vanda, Vivometrics, Wyeth, Yamanuchi, and Xenoport. Dr. Cheng has received research support from Harmony Biosciences. Dr. Drake has received research support from Merck & Co., Eisai Co., Aladdin Dreamer, Jazz, Actelion, and Teva; and has served on speakers bureau for Merck & Co. No other financial or non-financial interests exist. The other authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Publisher Copyright:
© 2019 National Sleep Foundation
PY - 2020/4
Y1 - 2020/4
N2 - Background: Insomnia and depression are highly prevalent perinatal complications. Ruminating on stress is etiologically implicated in both disorders, and ruminating while trying to fall asleep has been linked to insomnia and depression during pregnancy. Incompatible with rumination is everyday mindfulness, i.e., living with intentional and nonjudgmental awareness of internal and external experiences in the present moment. Responding to stress mindfully may protect against stress-related perinatal complications such as insomnia and depression. The present study described the association between everyday mindfulness and nocturnal rumination, and examined whether these trait characteristics were independently related to perinatal insomnia and depression. Methods: Cross-sectional and secondary analysis of existing data from 65 pregnant women recruited from a multisite hospital in Metro Detroit, MI, USA. Subjects completed online surveys including the Insomnia Severity Index, Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale, Presleep Arousal Scale, and the revised Cognitive and Affective Mindfulness Scale. Results: Over half (53.8%) of women screened positive for clinical insomnia and 12.3% screened positive for major depression. Women high in mindfulness, relative to those low in mindfulness, reported less nocturnal rumination (Cohen's d=1.16), insomnia symptoms (Cohen's d=1.24), and depressive symptoms (Cohen's d=1.35). Multivariate linear regression revealed that both mindfulness (β=-.24, p=.03) and rumination (β=.38, p<.01) were independently associated with insomnia. Similarly, a multivariate model showed that mindfulness (β=-.41, p<.001) and rumination (β=.35, p<.01) were independently associated with depression. Conclusions: Ruminating in bed at night is strongly associated with insomnia and depression during pregnancy, whereas mindfulness may potentially protect against these stress-related perinatal complications.
AB - Background: Insomnia and depression are highly prevalent perinatal complications. Ruminating on stress is etiologically implicated in both disorders, and ruminating while trying to fall asleep has been linked to insomnia and depression during pregnancy. Incompatible with rumination is everyday mindfulness, i.e., living with intentional and nonjudgmental awareness of internal and external experiences in the present moment. Responding to stress mindfully may protect against stress-related perinatal complications such as insomnia and depression. The present study described the association between everyday mindfulness and nocturnal rumination, and examined whether these trait characteristics were independently related to perinatal insomnia and depression. Methods: Cross-sectional and secondary analysis of existing data from 65 pregnant women recruited from a multisite hospital in Metro Detroit, MI, USA. Subjects completed online surveys including the Insomnia Severity Index, Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale, Presleep Arousal Scale, and the revised Cognitive and Affective Mindfulness Scale. Results: Over half (53.8%) of women screened positive for clinical insomnia and 12.3% screened positive for major depression. Women high in mindfulness, relative to those low in mindfulness, reported less nocturnal rumination (Cohen's d=1.16), insomnia symptoms (Cohen's d=1.24), and depressive symptoms (Cohen's d=1.35). Multivariate linear regression revealed that both mindfulness (β=-.24, p=.03) and rumination (β=.38, p<.01) were independently associated with insomnia. Similarly, a multivariate model showed that mindfulness (β=-.41, p<.001) and rumination (β=.35, p<.01) were independently associated with depression. Conclusions: Ruminating in bed at night is strongly associated with insomnia and depression during pregnancy, whereas mindfulness may potentially protect against these stress-related perinatal complications.
KW - Cognitive arousal
KW - Emotion regulation
KW - Perinatal
KW - Prenatal
KW - Sleep
KW - Stress
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85080981626&partnerID=8YFLogxK
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/citedby.url?scp=85080981626&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1016/j.sleh.2019.11.011
DO - 10.1016/j.sleh.2019.11.011
M3 - Article
C2 - 32146168
AN - SCOPUS:85080981626
SN - 2352-7218
VL - 6
SP - 185
EP - 191
JO - Sleep Health
JF - Sleep Health
IS - 2
ER -
