Non-fullerene acceptors with direct and indirect hexa-fluorination afford >17% efficiency in polymer solar cells

Guoping Li, Liang Wen Feng, Subhrangsu Mukherjee, Leighton O. Jones, Robert M. Jacobberger, Wei Huang, Ryan M. Young*, Robert M. Pankow, Weigang Zhu, Norman Lu, Kevin L. Kohlstedt*, Vinod K. Sangwan*, Michael R. Wasielewski*, Mark C. Hersam*, George C. Schatz*, Dean M. Delongchamp*, Antonio Facchetti*, Tobin J. Marks*

*Corresponding author for this work

Research output: Contribution to journalArticlepeer-review

28 Scopus citations

Abstract

The rational molecular design of non-fullerene acceptors (NFAs) in organic solar cells (OSCs) can profoundly influence the photovoltaic (OPV) performance. To date, NFA fluorination has proven beneficial to cell performance. However, there is a lack of comprehensive understanding of how various fluorination modalities influence film morphology, carrier mobility, molecular packing, other structural properties, electronic structure, exciton separation, and charge transport, that determine ultimate cell efficiency. Here, we compare two types of end group (EG) fluorination patterns on Y6-based A-DAD-A cores, resulting in highly efficient NFAs: direct skeletal fluorination (BTF) and indirect trifluoromethyl fluorination (BTFM). These two patterns induce distinctive behaviors in the active layer blends with a chlorinated donor polymer D18-Cl and the additive, 1-chloronaphthalene, affording high PCE values of 17.30% (BTF + additive) and 17.10% (BTFM, no-additive). The BTFvs.BTFM OSC performance trends can be correlated with diffraction-derived differences in molecular packing. Density functional theory (DFT) reveals remarkably low internal reorganization energies and high electronic coupling between NFA dimers, greater and more numerous than in other NFAs reported to date, thus providing extended 3D charge transport networks in the thin film crystalline domains. Transient absorption spectroscopy reveals that hole transfer from the acceptor to the donor occurs in <300 fs and that photoexcited carriers persist for hundreds of ns in each blend film. The contrasting role of the additive in BTF and BTFM cells is further clarified by recombination dynamics analysis using in situ photocurrent and impedance spectroscopy. Overall, this work provides guidance for developing new NFAs via direct and indirect fluorination strategies for high efficiency OSCs.

Original languageEnglish (US)
Pages (from-to)645-659
Number of pages15
JournalEnergy and Environmental Science
Volume15
Issue number2
DOIs
StatePublished - Feb 2022

ASJC Scopus subject areas

  • Environmental Chemistry
  • Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment
  • Nuclear Energy and Engineering
  • Pollution

Fingerprint

Dive into the research topics of 'Non-fullerene acceptors with direct and indirect hexa-fluorination afford >17% efficiency in polymer solar cells'. Together they form a unique fingerprint.

Cite this