Nucleosome positioning in a model of active chromatin remodeling enzymes

Accounting for enzyme-mediated active sliding, disassembly, and sequence-dependent positioning of nucleosomes, we simulate nucleosome occupancy over cell-cycle-scale times using a stochastic kinetic model. We show that ATP-dependent active nucleosome sliding and nucleosome removal processes are essential to obtain in vivo-like nucleosome positioning. While active sliding leads to dense nucleosome filling, sliding events alone cannot ensure sequence-dependent nucleosome positioning: Active nucleosome removal is the crucial remodeling event that drives positioning. We also show that remodeling activity changes nucleosome dynamics from glassy to liquid-like, and that remodeling dramatically influences exposure dynamics of promoter regions.