@article{bad86fb3d81543e4bd879a7b7f7994db,
title = "Operant control of a brain potential evoked by a behavior",
abstract = "Cats were trained to execute a reaching behavior which evoked a potential in somatic sensory cortex. Correlation analysis was performed on variables of movement describing reaching trajectories and brain potential segments so as to reveal a movement-segment/wave-segment pair showing a high degree of relationship. Finally the animals were trained to increase and decrease the amplitude of the discovered evoked potential segment. The movement variable segments changed as predicted from the signs of the correlation coefficients relating them to wave amplitude segments, and were therefore suggested as mediating the operant controlled neural event.",
keywords = "Biofeedback, Evoked potential, Motor behavior and conditioned neural activity, Movement-related potentials, Operant conditioning, Somatosensory, Voluntary movement",
author = "Rosenfeld, {J. P.} and Fox, {S. S.}",
note = "Funding Information: Five cats were trained to reach from a defined circular area on the floor of a training compartment to a hole in the wall before them. The circular area on the floor was It in. in dia. and bounded by a ~ in. high and ½ in. wide ring containing a light beam source and a photocell. The hole in the wall was also 1 \] in. dia. and contained a photocell and light beam. In early training, reward was a ½ in. cube of raw liver which the animal received for reaching from floor to wall (9 in.). Later, 0.7 cc of fresh milk delivered through a chronically implanted fistula directly to the mouth was substituted for liver. Details of surgery have been described \[5\]. Bipolar electrode pairs were employed. These consisted of two 0.008 in. nicrome wires, each uninsulated ½ mm from its tip. The single wires were glued together (with Insulex) so that the two tips were vertically separated by 1½ ram. We hoped to obtain with these bipolar electrodes the relatively localized transcortical potential \[8\]. The activity recorded by these electrodes was fed into an FET source follower circuit mounted in the recording plug on the animal's skull. Its output impedance (less than 1000 n) was insurance against 1This research was supported in part by the Neurobehavioral Studies Program of the University of Iowa (pre-doctoral fellowship to J. P. Rosenfeld, USPHS Grant No. 5TOMHI0641) and by USPHS Grant No. MH11834 to S. S. Fox, and University of Iowa Graduate college Grant No. FR07035-04 to S. S. Fox.",
year = "1971",
month = oct,
doi = "10.1016/0031-9384(71)90099-0",
language = "English (US)",
volume = "7",
pages = "489--493",
journal = "Physiology and Behavior",
issn = "0031-9384",
publisher = "Elsevier Inc.",
number = "4",
}