Abstract
Purpose: Little is known about demographic differences in patterns of incarceration among delinquent youth as they age. This study examines gender and racial/ethnic differences in patterns of incarceration in a sample of youth after they leave detention. Methods: Participants were 1829 youth detained in Chicago, IL between 1995 and 1998. Lifetime dates and locations of incarcerations were gathered from state and county correctional records. We used cluster analysis to identify distinct groups based on the number of incarcerations, length of each stay, and setting. Results: By young adulthood, nearly all youth had multiple incarcerations. We identified five distinct groups among men, ranging from those incarcerated only as juveniles to men with long prison stays. Among women, we identified four groups, ranging from women with one juvenile incarceration to women who had been incarcerated in prison. Overall, men were incarcerated more frequently and for longer periods of time when compared with women. Racial/ethnic minorities were highly likely to be included in groups with the most extensive incarceration histories. Conclusions: Men and people of color are at high risk for re-incarceration as they age. Policymakers should expand policies promoting alternatives to incarceration to avoid entrenchment in the justice system.
Original language | English (US) |
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Article number | 104516 |
Journal | Children and Youth Services Review |
Volume | 108 |
DOIs | |
State | Published - Jan 2020 |
Funding
We thank our participants for their time and willingness to participate; our talented and intrepid field staff; the Circuit Court of Cook County including the Cook County Juvenile Temporary Detention Center, the Juvenile Justice and Child Protection Department, the Juvenile Probation and Court Services Department, the Social Service Department, Adult Probation, and Forensic Clinical Services; the Cook County Department of Corrections; the Illinois Department of Juvenile Justice; and the Illinois Department of Corrections for their cooperation. This work was supported by National Institute on Drug Abuse grants R01DA019380, R01DA022953, R01DA028763 and T32DA007250; National Institute of Mental Health grants R01MH54197 and R01MH59463 (Division of Services and Intervention Research and Center for Mental Health Research on AIDS); and grants 1999-JE-FX-1001, 2005-JL-FX-0288, and 2008-JF-FX-0068 from the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention. Major funding was also provided by the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Office of Behavioral and Social Sciences Research, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (Center for Mental Health Services, Center for Substance Abuse Prevention, Center for Substance Abuse Treatment), the NIH Center on Minority Health and Health Disparities, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (National Center for Injury Prevention and Control and National Center for HIV/AIDS,Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention), the NIH Office of Research on Women's Health, the NIH Office of Rare Diseases, Department of Labor, Department of Housing and Urban Development, The William T. Grant Foundation, and The Robert Wood Johnson Foundation. Additional funds were provided by The John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation, The Open Society Foundations, and The Chicago Community Trust. The funders had no role in study design, collection, analysis and interpretation of data, writing the manuscript, or the decision to submit the article for publication. This work was supported by National Institute on Drug Abuse grants R01DA019380 , R01DA022953 , R01DA028763 and T32DA007250 ; National Institute of Mental Health grants R01MH54197 and R01MH59463 ( Division of Services and Intervention Research and Center for Mental Health Research on AIDS ); and grants 1999-JE-FX-1001 , 2005-JL-FX-0288 , and 2008-JF-FX-0068 from the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention. Major funding was also provided by the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Office of Behavioral and Social Sciences Research, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (Center for Mental Health Services, Center for Substance Abuse Prevention, Center for Substance Abuse Treatment), the NIH Center on Minority Health and Health Disparities, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (National Center for Injury Prevention and Control and National Center for HIV/AIDS,Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention), the NIH Office of Research on Women’s Health, the NIH Office of Rare Diseases, Department of Labor, Department of Housing and Urban Development, The William T. Grant Foundation, and The Robert Wood Johnson Foundation. Additional funds were provided by The John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation, The Open Society Foundations, and The Chicago Community Trust. The funders had no role in study design, collection, analysis and interpretation of data, writing the manuscript, or the decision to submit the article for publication. Appendix A
Keywords
- Cluster analysis
- Health disparities
- Incarceration
- Juvenile justice
ASJC Scopus subject areas
- Education
- Developmental and Educational Psychology
- Sociology and Political Science