Phase diagram kinetics for shape memory alloys: A robust finite element implementation

A physically based one-dimensional shape memory alloy (SMA) model is implemented into the finite element software ABAQUS via a user interface. Linearization of the SMA constitutive law together with complete transformation kinetics is performed and tabulated for implementation. Robust rules for transformation zones of the phase diagram are implemented and a new strategy for overlapping transformation zones is developed. The iteration algorithm, switching point updates and solution strategies are developed and are presented in detail. The code is validated via baseline simulations including the shape memory effect and pseudoelasticity and then further tested with complex loading paths. A hybrid composite with self-healing function is then simulated using the developed code. The example demonstrates the usefulness of the methods for the design and simulation of materials or structures actuated by SMA wires or ribbons.