TY - JOUR
T1 - Practical Challenges in Real-Time Demand Response
AU - Duan, Chao
AU - Bharati, Guna
AU - Chakraborty, Pratyush
AU - Chen, Bo
AU - Nishikawa, Takashi
AU - Motter, Adilson E.
N1 - Funding Information:
Manuscript received September 1, 2020; revised April 3, 2021; accepted May 5, 2021. Date of publication May 27, 2021; date of current version August 23, 2021. This work was supported in part by Advanced Research Projects Agency–Energy (ARPA-E) under Award DE-AR0000702 and in part by NU’s Finite Earth Initiative (funded by Leslie and Mac McQuown). FLEXLAB’s work was supported by DOE under Award DE-AC02-05CH11231. Paper no. PESL-00258-2020. (Corresponding author: Chao Duan.) Chao Duan, Takashi Nishikawa, and Adilson E. Motter are with the Department of Physics and Astronomy, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208 USA (e-mail: chao.duan@northwestern.edu). Guna Bharati is with OPAL-RT Corporation, Denver, CO 80033 USA.
Publisher Copyright:
© 2010-2012 IEEE.
PY - 2021/9
Y1 - 2021/9
N2 - We report on a real-time demand response experiment with 100 controllable devices. The experiment reveals several key challenges in the deployment of a real-time demand response program, including time delays, uncertainties, characterization errors, multiple timescales, and nonlinearity, which have been largely ignored in previous studies. To resolve these practical issues, we develop and implement a two-level multi-loop control structure integrating feed-forward proportional-integral controllers and optimization solvers in closed loops, which eliminates steady-state errors and improves the dynamical performance of the overall building response. The proposed methods are validated by Hardware-in-the-Loop (HiL) tests.
AB - We report on a real-time demand response experiment with 100 controllable devices. The experiment reveals several key challenges in the deployment of a real-time demand response program, including time delays, uncertainties, characterization errors, multiple timescales, and nonlinearity, which have been largely ignored in previous studies. To resolve these practical issues, we develop and implement a two-level multi-loop control structure integrating feed-forward proportional-integral controllers and optimization solvers in closed loops, which eliminates steady-state errors and improves the dynamical performance of the overall building response. The proposed methods are validated by Hardware-in-the-Loop (HiL) tests.
KW - Demand response
KW - HiL test
KW - time delays
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U2 - 10.1109/TSG.2021.3084470
DO - 10.1109/TSG.2021.3084470
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:85107197777
SN - 1949-3053
VL - 12
SP - 4573
EP - 4576
JO - IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid
JF - IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid
IS - 5
M1 - 9442817
ER -