TY - JOUR
T1 - Predictors of urinary phthalate biomarker concentrations in postmenopausal women
AU - Reeves, Katherine W.
AU - Santana, Mary Díaz
AU - Manson, Jo Ann E.
AU - Hankinson, Susan E.
AU - Zoeller, R. Thomas
AU - Bigelow, Carol
AU - Hou, Lifang
AU - Wactawski-Wende, Jean
AU - Liu, Simin
AU - Tinker, Lesley
AU - Calafat, Antonia M.
N1 - Funding Information:
This work was supported by the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences ( R01ES024731 ). The Women's Health Initiative is funded by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute , National Institutes of Health , U.S. Department of Health and Human Services through contracts HHSN268201600018C , HHSN268201600001C , HHSN268201600002C , HHSN268201600003C , and HHSN268201600004C .
Publisher Copyright:
© 2018 Elsevier Inc.
PY - 2019/2
Y1 - 2019/2
N2 - Background: Phthalates are ubiquitous endocrine disrupting chemicals present in a wide variety of consumer products. However, the personal characteristics associated with phthalate exposure are unclear. Objectives: We sought to describe personal, behavioral, and reproductive characteristics associated with phthalate metabolite concentrations in an ongoing study nested within the Women's Health Initiative (WHI). Materials and Methods: We measured thirteen phthalate metabolites in two or three archived urine samples collected in 1993–2001 from each of 1257 WHI participants (2991 observations). We fit multivariable generalized estimating equation models to predict urinary biomarker concentrations from personal, behavioral, and reproductive characteristics. Results: Older age was predictive of lower concentrations of monobenzyl phthalate (MBzP), mono-carboxyoctyl phthalate (MCOP), mono-3-carboxypropyl phthalate (MCPP), and the sum of di-n-butyl phthalate metabolites (ΣDBP). Phthalate metabolite concentrations varied by race/region, with generally higher concentrations observed among non-Whites and women from the West region. Higher neighborhood socioeconomic status predicted lower MBzP concentrations, and higher education predicted lower monoethyl phthalate (MEP) and higher concentrations of the sum of metabolites of di-isobutyl phthalate (ΣDiBP). Overweight/obesity predicted higher MBzP, MCOP, monocarboxynonyl phthalate (MCNP), MCPP, and the sum of metabolites of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (ΣDEHP) and lower MEP concentrations. Alcohol consumption predicted higher concentrations of MEP and ΣDBP, while current smokers had higher ΣDBP concentrations. Better diet quality as assessed by Healthy Eating Index 2005 scores predicted lower concentrations of MBzP, ΣDiBP, and ΣDEHP. Conclusion: Factors predictive of lower biomarker concentrations included increased age and healthy behaviors (e.g. lower alcohol intake, lower body mass index, not smoking, higher quality diet, and moderate physical activity). Racial group (generally higher among non-Whites) and geographic regions (generally higher in Northeast and West compared to South regions) also were predictive of phthalate biomarker concentrations.
AB - Background: Phthalates are ubiquitous endocrine disrupting chemicals present in a wide variety of consumer products. However, the personal characteristics associated with phthalate exposure are unclear. Objectives: We sought to describe personal, behavioral, and reproductive characteristics associated with phthalate metabolite concentrations in an ongoing study nested within the Women's Health Initiative (WHI). Materials and Methods: We measured thirteen phthalate metabolites in two or three archived urine samples collected in 1993–2001 from each of 1257 WHI participants (2991 observations). We fit multivariable generalized estimating equation models to predict urinary biomarker concentrations from personal, behavioral, and reproductive characteristics. Results: Older age was predictive of lower concentrations of monobenzyl phthalate (MBzP), mono-carboxyoctyl phthalate (MCOP), mono-3-carboxypropyl phthalate (MCPP), and the sum of di-n-butyl phthalate metabolites (ΣDBP). Phthalate metabolite concentrations varied by race/region, with generally higher concentrations observed among non-Whites and women from the West region. Higher neighborhood socioeconomic status predicted lower MBzP concentrations, and higher education predicted lower monoethyl phthalate (MEP) and higher concentrations of the sum of metabolites of di-isobutyl phthalate (ΣDiBP). Overweight/obesity predicted higher MBzP, MCOP, monocarboxynonyl phthalate (MCNP), MCPP, and the sum of metabolites of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (ΣDEHP) and lower MEP concentrations. Alcohol consumption predicted higher concentrations of MEP and ΣDBP, while current smokers had higher ΣDBP concentrations. Better diet quality as assessed by Healthy Eating Index 2005 scores predicted lower concentrations of MBzP, ΣDiBP, and ΣDEHP. Conclusion: Factors predictive of lower biomarker concentrations included increased age and healthy behaviors (e.g. lower alcohol intake, lower body mass index, not smoking, higher quality diet, and moderate physical activity). Racial group (generally higher among non-Whites) and geographic regions (generally higher in Northeast and West compared to South regions) also were predictive of phthalate biomarker concentrations.
KW - Phthalates
KW - Postmenopausal
KW - Women
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UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/citedby.url?scp=85056483157&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1016/j.envres.2018.10.024
DO - 10.1016/j.envres.2018.10.024
M3 - Article
C2 - 30447499
AN - SCOPUS:85056483157
VL - 169
SP - 122
EP - 130
JO - Environmental Research
JF - Environmental Research
SN - 0013-9351
ER -
