TY - JOUR
T1 - Prevention strategies for breast cancer
AU - Cristofanilli, M.
AU - Hortobagyi, G. N.
N1 - Copyright:
Copyright 2004 Elsevier Science B.V., Amsterdam. All rights reserved.
PY - 2001
Y1 - 2001
N2 - In the last decade there has been a steady increase in the incidence of breast cancer in the Western world. The increase in early diagnosis and improvements in treatment modalities have helped to reduce the mortality rate. A major impact on the incidence and mortality from breast cancer, however, can be expected only if we learn to modulate the process of carcinogenesis at the preclinical levels. This modulation or chemoprevention, requires a combined and well-defined strategic approach that ideally include 1) a clear description and quantification of the specific risk factors (environmental, hormonal, genetic and histologic) that may be used in selecting cohorts of women at increased risk for breast cancer; 2) a description of the specific intervention (e.g. chemoprevention, surgery or both) that are required for the specific risk factor identified; 3) the identification and preclinical evaluation of cancer chemopreventive agents and the subsequent development of definitive, large-scale clinical trials; and 4) the identification and characterization of specific molecular biomarkers that may be quantitatively assessed and used as surrogate endpoint-biomarkers (SEBs) in future trials. In this review we consider these guidelines, focusing, on a description of recognized and risk factors for invasive breast cancer. We also discuss the recent achievements in and the outlook for chemoprevention in breast cancer.
AB - In the last decade there has been a steady increase in the incidence of breast cancer in the Western world. The increase in early diagnosis and improvements in treatment modalities have helped to reduce the mortality rate. A major impact on the incidence and mortality from breast cancer, however, can be expected only if we learn to modulate the process of carcinogenesis at the preclinical levels. This modulation or chemoprevention, requires a combined and well-defined strategic approach that ideally include 1) a clear description and quantification of the specific risk factors (environmental, hormonal, genetic and histologic) that may be used in selecting cohorts of women at increased risk for breast cancer; 2) a description of the specific intervention (e.g. chemoprevention, surgery or both) that are required for the specific risk factor identified; 3) the identification and preclinical evaluation of cancer chemopreventive agents and the subsequent development of definitive, large-scale clinical trials; and 4) the identification and characterization of specific molecular biomarkers that may be quantitatively assessed and used as surrogate endpoint-biomarkers (SEBs) in future trials. In this review we consider these guidelines, focusing, on a description of recognized and risk factors for invasive breast cancer. We also discuss the recent achievements in and the outlook for chemoprevention in breast cancer.
KW - Biomarkers
KW - Breast cancer prevention
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M3 - Review article
AN - SCOPUS:0035720058
VL - 8
SP - 453
EP - 469
JO - References en Gynecologie Obstetrique
JF - References en Gynecologie Obstetrique
SN - 1244-8168
IS - 6
ER -