TY - JOUR
T1 - Principles learned from the international race to develop a safe and effective covid-19 vaccine
AU - Thames, Ariel H.
AU - Wolniak, Kristy L.
AU - Stupp, Samuel I.
AU - Jewett, Michael C.
N1 - Funding Information:
We would like the acknowledge the Defense Threat Reduction Agency Grant HDTRA1-15-10052/P00001, the National Institutes of Health Grant 1U19AI142780-01, the David and Lucile Packard Foundation, the Camille Dreyfus Teacher-Scholar Program, and the Center for Regenerative Nanomedicine at the Simpson Querrey Institute. We also thank Ashty Karim for figure development, and we are grateful to some colleagues who wished to remain anonymous and the reviewers for their input during review.
Publisher Copyright:
© 2020 American Chemical Society.
PY - 2020/8/26
Y1 - 2020/8/26
N2 - Vaccines against COVID-19 have the potential to protect people before they are exposed to the infective form of the virus. However, because of the involvement of pathogenic immune processes in many severe presentations of COVID-19, eliciting an immune response with a vaccine must strike a delicate balance to achieve viral clearance without also inducing immune-mediated harm. This Outlook synthesizes current laboratory findings to define which parts of the immune system help with recovery from and protection against the virus and which can lead to adverse outcomes. To inform our understanding, we analyze research about the immune mechanisms implicated in SARS-CoV, from the 2003 outbreak, and SARS-CoV-2, the virus causing COVID-19. The impact of how innate immunity, humoral immunity, and cell-mediated immunity play a role in a harmful versus helpful response is discussed, establishing principles to guide the development and evaluation of a safe but effective COVID-19 vaccine. The principles derived include (i) targeting the appropriate specificity and effector function of the humoral response, (ii) eliciting a T cell response, especially a cytotoxic T cell response, to achieve safe, yet effective, immune protection from COVID-19, and (iii) monitoring for the possibility of acute lung injury during SARS-CoV-2 infection post-vaccination in preclinical and clinical studies. These principles can not only guide efforts toward a safe and effective COVID-19 vaccine, but also the development of effective vaccines for viral pandemics to come.
AB - Vaccines against COVID-19 have the potential to protect people before they are exposed to the infective form of the virus. However, because of the involvement of pathogenic immune processes in many severe presentations of COVID-19, eliciting an immune response with a vaccine must strike a delicate balance to achieve viral clearance without also inducing immune-mediated harm. This Outlook synthesizes current laboratory findings to define which parts of the immune system help with recovery from and protection against the virus and which can lead to adverse outcomes. To inform our understanding, we analyze research about the immune mechanisms implicated in SARS-CoV, from the 2003 outbreak, and SARS-CoV-2, the virus causing COVID-19. The impact of how innate immunity, humoral immunity, and cell-mediated immunity play a role in a harmful versus helpful response is discussed, establishing principles to guide the development and evaluation of a safe but effective COVID-19 vaccine. The principles derived include (i) targeting the appropriate specificity and effector function of the humoral response, (ii) eliciting a T cell response, especially a cytotoxic T cell response, to achieve safe, yet effective, immune protection from COVID-19, and (iii) monitoring for the possibility of acute lung injury during SARS-CoV-2 infection post-vaccination in preclinical and clinical studies. These principles can not only guide efforts toward a safe and effective COVID-19 vaccine, but also the development of effective vaccines for viral pandemics to come.
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U2 - 10.1021/acscentsci.0c00644
DO - 10.1021/acscentsci.0c00644
M3 - Article
C2 - 32868999
AN - SCOPUS:85091770594
SN - 2374-7943
VL - 6
SP - 1341
EP - 1347
JO - ACS Central Science
JF - ACS Central Science
IS - 8
ER -