Abstract
Objective: Children with type 1 diabetes and their parents face daily self-care demands, leading to diabetes-specific emotional distress. A standardized measure of diabetes distress can guide clinical care and prevent negative outcomes. Methods: This study evaluated the psychometric properties of child-and parent-report measures of the Problem Areas in Diabetes Scale, adapted for children ages 8-12 (PAID-C) and their parents (P-PAID-C). Participants were from 42 diabetes camps in the United States. Children (N = 804; mean age = 10.3 ± 1.1) and parents (N = 968) completed measures of diabetes distress, diabetes-related strengths, and self-care skills. Half of the sample was used for exploratory factor analyses (EFA) with direct oblimin rotation and the other half for confirmatory factor analyses (CFAs). Results: For the PAID-C, EFA and CFAs supported an 11-item two-factor measure, Cronbach's α =. 91, accounting for 54.6% of the variance. For the P-PAID-C, analyses resulted in a 16-item measure, Cronbach's α =. 92, accounting for 51.9% of the variance. PAID-C and P-PAID-C scores were positively correlated with HbA1c (rchild =. 08, p =. 04; rparent =. 18, p <. 001), and negatively correlated with diabetes-related strengths (rchild =-.38, p <. 001, rparent =-.29, p <. 001) and parent report of child self-care skills (rparent =-.13, p <. 001; rchild =-0.07, p = ns). Conclusions: Initial psychometrics suggest that the PAID-C and P-PAID-C reliably and validly capture diabetes-specific emotional distress for children and their parents. Associations with glycemic control, self-care, and diabetes strengths demonstrate criterion validity. Both measures have potential applications for routine, clinic-based assessments of diabetes distress and may guide clinical decision-making.
Original language | English (US) |
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Article number | jsz018 |
Pages (from-to) | 703-713 |
Number of pages | 11 |
Journal | Journal of pediatric psychology |
Volume | 44 |
Issue number | 6 |
DOIs | |
State | Published - Jul 1 2019 |
Funding
This work was supported by the Helmsley Charitable Trust. M. E. Hilliard’s effort on this work was supported by the National Institutes of Health (K12 DK097696; PI: B. Anderson).
Keywords
- child
- diabetes mellitus
- emotional stress
- surveys and questionnaires
- type 1
ASJC Scopus subject areas
- Developmental and Educational Psychology
- Pediatrics, Perinatology, and Child Health