Psychosocial interventions in cancer

Cancer survivors are faced with significant disease- and treatment-related symptoms that challenge quality of life and can lead to psychosocial distress or dysfunction. The impact of cancer on psychological and emotional well-being is highly variable and often depends on a number of factors. However, even mild symptoms of distress can lead to impairment in several areas of functioning. Psychosocial interventions for cancer survivors generally aim to reduce emotional distress, enhance coping skills, and improve quality of life. Many different types of interventions have been conducted. Most approaches have involved a group-based format following cognitive behavioral, stress and coping, stress management, and supportive group environment theories and models. Some work has also provided psychoeducational components, engaged spouses/partners, or provided phone-based delivery of the interventions. Many studies have supported the benefit of psychosocial interventions; however, evidence suggests a need for greater awareness of moderating factors associated with emotional distress and intervention efficacy as well as mechanisms of change associated with active versus inactive intervention components. Furthermore, it is important to consider the distress continuum among cancer survivors to determine the most optimal level of care based on their needs and a stepped care model of intervention delivery is recommended.