TY - JOUR
T1 - Regulation of γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase subunit gene expression in retinal Muller cells by oxidative stress
AU - Lu, Shelly C.
AU - Bao, Yuzhou
AU - Huang, Zong Zhi
AU - Sarthy, Vijay P.
AU - Kannan, Ram
PY - 1999
Y1 - 1999
N2 - Purpose. To study regulation of γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase (GCS) heavy and light subunit gene expression in Muller cells under conditions of oxidative stress. Methods. Experiments were carried out with an SV40 transformed cell line (rMC-1) that exhibits the phenotype of rat retinal Muller cells. Endogenous glutathione levels were modified by treating cells with diethyl maleate (DEM), D,L-buthionine sulfoximine (BSO), or tert- butylhydroquinone (TBH). In other experiments, cells were grown in either high (28 mM) or normal (5.5 nM) glucose medium for 1 week to examine the effects of hyperglycemia. Cells were processed for reduced glutathione (GSH) measurement, RNA extraction, cell count, and, in some cases, lactate dehydrogenase activity. The steady state mRNA levels of GCS heavy and light subunits were measured by northern blot analysis using specific cDNA probes. Changes in mRNA levels were normalized to β-actin or 18S rRNA. Results. Treatment with DEM for 30 minutes depleted cell GSH to 20% to 30% of the normal value. GSH content recovered completely 6 hours after returning to normal medium. BSO treatment for 12 hours followed by a medium change for 6 hours resulted in a cell GSH level that was 26% that of untreated cells. If cells were left in BSO for 18 hours, however, GSH levels were reduced to <1%. Treatment with TBH for 12 hours led to a 77% increase in cellular GSH level. Treatment with DEM, TBH, or BSO for 18 hours led to a significant induction of the mRNA level of the GCS subunits, regardless of glucose concentration in the medium. Shorter BSO treatment exerted no effect. Prolonged hyperglycemia resulted in 30% lower GSH level, 55% lower GCS heavy subunit, and 30% lower GCS light subunit mRNA levels. Conclusions. Oxidative stress induced the gene expression of GCS heavy and light subunits in Muller cells. The effect of BSO on mRNA levels correlated with the degree of GSH depiction. Prolonged hyperglycemia lowered GCS subunit mRNA and GSH levels.
AB - Purpose. To study regulation of γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase (GCS) heavy and light subunit gene expression in Muller cells under conditions of oxidative stress. Methods. Experiments were carried out with an SV40 transformed cell line (rMC-1) that exhibits the phenotype of rat retinal Muller cells. Endogenous glutathione levels were modified by treating cells with diethyl maleate (DEM), D,L-buthionine sulfoximine (BSO), or tert- butylhydroquinone (TBH). In other experiments, cells were grown in either high (28 mM) or normal (5.5 nM) glucose medium for 1 week to examine the effects of hyperglycemia. Cells were processed for reduced glutathione (GSH) measurement, RNA extraction, cell count, and, in some cases, lactate dehydrogenase activity. The steady state mRNA levels of GCS heavy and light subunits were measured by northern blot analysis using specific cDNA probes. Changes in mRNA levels were normalized to β-actin or 18S rRNA. Results. Treatment with DEM for 30 minutes depleted cell GSH to 20% to 30% of the normal value. GSH content recovered completely 6 hours after returning to normal medium. BSO treatment for 12 hours followed by a medium change for 6 hours resulted in a cell GSH level that was 26% that of untreated cells. If cells were left in BSO for 18 hours, however, GSH levels were reduced to <1%. Treatment with TBH for 12 hours led to a 77% increase in cellular GSH level. Treatment with DEM, TBH, or BSO for 18 hours led to a significant induction of the mRNA level of the GCS subunits, regardless of glucose concentration in the medium. Shorter BSO treatment exerted no effect. Prolonged hyperglycemia resulted in 30% lower GSH level, 55% lower GCS heavy subunit, and 30% lower GCS light subunit mRNA levels. Conclusions. Oxidative stress induced the gene expression of GCS heavy and light subunits in Muller cells. The effect of BSO on mRNA levels correlated with the degree of GSH depiction. Prolonged hyperglycemia lowered GCS subunit mRNA and GSH levels.
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M3 - Article
C2 - 10393048
AN - SCOPUS:0033064791
SN - 0146-0404
VL - 40
SP - 1776
EP - 1782
JO - Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science
JF - Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science
IS - 8
ER -