Religion and Spirituality among American Indian, South Asian, Black, Hispanic/Latina, and White Women in the Study on Stress, Spirituality, and Health

Blake Victor Kent; James C. Davidson; Ying Zhang; Kenneth I. Pargament; Tyler J. VanderWeele; Harold G. Koenig; Lynn G. Underwood; Neal Krause; Alka M. Kanaya; Shelley S. Tworoger; Anna B. Schachter; Shelley A. Cole; Marcia O'Leary; Yvette C. Cozier; Martha L. Daviglus; Aida L. Giachello; Tracy Zacher; Julie R. Palmer; Alexandra E. Shields

doi:10.1111/jssr.12695

Religion and Spirituality among American Indian, South Asian, Black, Hispanic/Latina, and White Women in the Study on Stress, Spirituality, and Health

Blake Victor Kent^*, James C. Davidson, Ying Zhang, Kenneth I. Pargament, Tyler J. VanderWeele, Harold G. Koenig, Lynn G. Underwood, Neal Krause, Alka M. Kanaya, Shelley S. Tworoger, Anna B. Schachter, Shelley A. Cole, Marcia O'Leary, Yvette C. Cozier, Martha L. Daviglus, Aida L. Giachello, Tracy Zacher, Julie R. Palmer, Alexandra E. Shields

^*Corresponding author for this work

Preventive Medicine

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

5 Scopus citations

Abstract

Social scientists have increasingly recognized the lack of diversity in survey research on American religion, resulting in a dearth of data on religion and spirituality (R/S) in understudied racial and ethnic groups. At the same time, epidemiological studies have increasingly diversified their racial and ethnic representation, but have collected few R/S measures to date. With a particular focus on American Indian and South Asian women (in addition to Blacks, Hispanic/Latinas, and white women), this study introduces a new effort among religion and epidemiology researchers, the Study on Stress, Spirituality, and Health. This multicohort study provides some of the first estimates of R/S beliefs and practices among American Indians and U.S. South Asians, and offers new insight into salient beliefs and practices of diverse racial/ethnic and religious communities.

Original language	English (US)
Pages (from-to)	198-215
Number of pages	18
Journal	Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion
Volume	60
Issue number	1
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1111/jssr.12695
State	Published - Mar 2021

Keywords

Black Women's Health Study
Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos
Mediators of Atherosclerosis among South Asians Living in America
Nurse's Health Study II
Religion
Spirituality
Strong Heart Study
Study on Stress
and Health

ASJC Scopus subject areas

Religious studies

Access to Document

10.1111/jssr.12695

Cite this

Kent, B. V., Davidson, J. C., Zhang, Y., Pargament, K. I., VanderWeele, T. J., Koenig, H. G., Underwood, L. G., Krause, N., Kanaya, A. M., Tworoger, S. S., Schachter, A. B., Cole, S. A., O'Leary, M., Cozier, Y. C., Daviglus, M. L., Giachello, A. L., Zacher, T., Palmer, J. R., & Shields, A. E. (2021). Religion and Spirituality among American Indian, South Asian, Black, Hispanic/Latina, and White Women in the Study on Stress, Spirituality, and Health. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 60(1), 198-215. https://doi.org/10.1111/jssr.12695

@article{339cbfec44394577979765eb7d75ffb2,

title = "Religion and Spirituality among American Indian, South Asian, Black, Hispanic/Latina, and White Women in the Study on Stress, Spirituality, and Health",

abstract = "Social scientists have increasingly recognized the lack of diversity in survey research on American religion, resulting in a dearth of data on religion and spirituality (R/S) in understudied racial and ethnic groups. At the same time, epidemiological studies have increasingly diversified their racial and ethnic representation, but have collected few R/S measures to date. With a particular focus on American Indian and South Asian women (in addition to Blacks, Hispanic/Latinas, and white women), this study introduces a new effort among religion and epidemiology researchers, the Study on Stress, Spirituality, and Health. This multicohort study provides some of the first estimates of R/S beliefs and practices among American Indians and U.S. South Asians, and offers new insight into salient beliefs and practices of diverse racial/ethnic and religious communities.",

keywords = "Black Women's Health Study, Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos, Mediators of Atherosclerosis among South Asians Living in America, Nurse's Health Study II, Religion, Spirituality, Strong Heart Study, Study on Stress, and Health",

author = "Kent, {Blake Victor} and Davidson, {James C.} and Ying Zhang and Pargament, {Kenneth I.} and VanderWeele, {Tyler J.} and Koenig, {Harold G.} and Underwood, {Lynn G.} and Neal Krause and Kanaya, {Alka M.} and Tworoger, {Shelley S.} and Schachter, {Anna B.} and Cole, {Shelley A.} and Marcia O'Leary and Cozier, {Yvette C.} and Daviglus, {Martha L.} and Giachello, {Aida L.} and Tracy Zacher and Palmer, {Julie R.} and Shields, {Alexandra E.}",

note = "Funding Information: This analysis was supported by a grant from the John Templeton Foundation and the Study on Stress, Spirituality, and Health (grant #59607). The Black Women's Health Study was supported by NIH grants UM1CA164974, U01CA164974, and R01CA058420. The MASALA Study was supported by NIH grants 1R01HL093009, 2R01HL093009, R01HL120725, UL1RR024131, UL1TR001872, and P30DK098722. The Nurses' Health Study II was supported by NIH grants U01 CA176726 and R01 CA163451. The Strong Heart Study was supported by NHLBI grants U01HL41642, U01HL41652, U01HL41654, U01HL65520, and U01HL65521 and research grants R01HL109315, R01HL109301, R01HL109284, R01HL109282 and R01HL109319. The Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos was supported by NHLBI grants N01HC65233, N01HC65234, N01HC65235, N01HC65236, N01HC65237, and HHSN268201300005C. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent official views of the National Institutes of Health. Funding Information: Data represent initial results of the baseline Spirituality Survey (SS-1) of the SSSH addressing differences in R/S practices, beliefs, and experiences among AI, SA, Black, Hispanic/Latino, and white women. The SS-1 was fielded in five U.S.-based NIH-funded cohort studies, with a total N of 3,602 for women across cohorts (SHS = 404, MASALA = 449, BWHS = 1005, HCHS/SOL = 635, NHSII = 1109). Notably, due to the gendered nature of religious practice (Avishai, Jafar, and Rinaldo 2015; Kent and Pieper 2019; Schnabel 2015; Sullins 2006) and the fact that NHS2 and BWHS are composed only of women, the present study focuses on the R/S of women only. Table S1 provides descriptive data for men in MASALA, SHS, and HCHS/SOL, and we encourage interested readers to examine it. Brief cohort descriptions and sampling information follow; the listed websites may be accessed for further details. SHS is one of the largest prospective cohort studies of AIs, and is focused on cardiovascular disease. In 2017?2018, participants for the SS-1 were drawn from the Dakotas region and had to be part of phase IV or V and must have completed the previous two rounds of data collection. Community workers held community events and reached out to SHS participants, most often conducting home visits to assist with completion of the SS-1. Religious comparison measures were not available for the larger cohort (strongheartstudy.org). MASALA examines risk factors for atherosclerosis among SAs, with participants drawn from the Chicago and the San Francisco Bay areas. To be eligible for MASALA, respondents must have had at least three grandparents born in India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal, or Sri Lanka. All participants (total cohort N = 990) were invited to complete the SS-1 in 2016?2018, and only one declined (masalastudy.org). BWHS began in 1995 to investigate breast cancer and other diseases that disproportionately affect Black women. In 2015, approximately 4,000 participants who had completed the most recent wave of data collection were invited to complete the SS-1; more than 2,400 women responded within the first 2 weeks of recruitment and enrollment was stopped. A random sample of 1,000 of these participants was included in SSSH. Comparisons to the full BWHS cohort indicate a high degree of comparability on available religious measures (e.g., religious attendance, degree of religious/spiritual person??see Cozier et?al. 2018). The sample represents a full range of socioeconomic levels and all geographic regions of the United States (bu.edu?bwhs). HCHS/SOL targets both immigrant and U.S.-born Hispanic/Latinos in four U.S. cities (total cohort N = 16,415), with the aim of assessing the role of acculturation in cardiovascular and related conditions disease etiology. To be eligible for the SS-1 at the time of collection in 2018?2019, participants had to be from the Chicago site, have completed the most recent round of data collection, and participated in HCHS/SOL's Sociocultural Ancillary Study (N = 900, response rate 754/900 = 83.8 percent). An additional 244 participants were recruited through letters sent to the broader sample of Chicago site participants (sites.cscc.unc.edu/hchs) to reach the desired study population of 1,000. The SSSH sample is generally comparable to the full HCHS/SOL cohort, though variations occur on the handful of comparison items available (i.e., the SSSH sample has a slightly higher proportion of religious affiliates, but attends religious services slightly less??see Lerman et?al. 2018). NHSII was established in 1989 among 116,429 women who responded to the baseline and subsequent biennial follow-up questionnaires to investigate risk factors for major chronic diseases in women, and is composed of nurses from 14 states who are predominantly white. R/S data collection occurred from 2015 to 2016, and eligibility included provision of at least two blood samples, being age 45?75 at the time of the most recent blood draw (2010?2013), completion of four questionnaires (2001 violence, 2008 trauma, and 2013 and 2015 main questionnaires), and no active participation in an ongoing ancillary study. Approximately the first 1,100 women who completed the survey were enrolled. Comparisons to the larger cohort indicate almost identical levels of religious service attendance (Spence et?al. 2020) (nurseshealthstudy.org). Selected demographic characteristics of SSSH participants included in this analysis are presented by racial/ethnic group in Table?1. The SS-1 includes both established and de novo measures developed with input from SSSH investigators, focus groups (drawn from Black, Hispanic/Latino, and AI participants), cohort PIs, and national R/S experts. The questionnaire was field-tested in each cohort, iteratively modifying language to address cultural expectations while maintaining item validity across cohorts. All survey items were prefaced with the following statement: ?These questions are being asked of people from different religious backgrounds, and although we use the term ?God? in some of the questions below, please substitute your own word for ?God? (e.g., Bhagwan, Allah, The Divine, etc.).? A subset of R/S items across conceptual themes was selected for this analysis. One item asked whether respondents identified themselves as: religious and spiritual, spiritual but not religious, religious but not spiritual, or neither spiritual nor religious. Another assessed the degree to which they considered themselves a religious or spiritual person.1Response categories for all items are summarized in the notes to Tables?2 and?3. Belief items assessed participants? level of agreement with several statements: ?I believe in life after death,? ?I believe that God exists,? (both de novo) and ?God's spirit dwells in my body? (Mahoney et?al. 2005). Seven items asked about frequency of participation in religious activities: service attendance, group prayer outside of service attendance, praying alone, etc. An additional item asked whether the respondent was ?a regular participant in a temple, mosque, gurudwara, church, or community dedicated to a specific spiritual leader.? Two items assessed congregational interactions, asking how often love and care was given to and received from members of the congregation (Krause 2002). One item asked how often people were criticized in their congregation (Sternthal et?al. 2010). Two items evaluated social services offered by the congregation. Among those who indicated belief in God, four items assessed perception of participants? relationship with God: ?God gives me the strength to do things I otherwise could not do myself,? ?God loves or cares for me unconditionally, in a way I could never earn,? ?Throughout my life, God has come through for me? (all de novo), and ?My relationship with God is what lies behind my approach to life? (Koenig and B?ssing 2010). Four items asked for level of agreement with varying aspects of forgiveness (Krause 2004). A fifth measure scaled two questions on feelings of gratitude (? =.80) from the Gratitude Questionnaire-6 (McCullough, Emmons, and Tsang 2002). A single item asked: ?To what extent is your religion or spirituality involved in understanding or dealing with stressful situations?? (Fetzer Institute 1999). Two subscales included eight positive coping items (? =.93) and six negative coping items (? =.77) from the Religious Coping Scale (Pargament, Koenig, and Perez 2000). Two items from the Religious and Spiritual Struggles Scale were assessed (? =.84) (Exline et?al. 2014), as were two items from the Religious and Spiritual Hope Scale (? =.93, de novo): ?In facing recent stressful events, ?I felt hopeful God would help me get through one day at a time? and ?I looked to my faith in God for hope about the future.?? Theistic and nontheistic subscales of the Daily Spiritual Experiences Scale (DSES) (Underwood and Teresi 2002) were used. Two items formed the theistic subscale (e.g., ?I desire to be closer to God,? ? =.83), while four items formed the nontheistic subscale (e.g., ?I am touched by the beauty of creation,? ? =.75). Items queried participants? religious tradition (including unaffiliated, agnostic, and atheist), with the option of selecting multiple traditions or writing in a tradition not represented. Categorization from first-order traditions was refined based on optional denominational write-ins. We began with the Steensland et?al. (2000) RELTRAD scheme, then branched out to additional religions (i.e., Hinduism, Traditional Native American Practice, etc.). Selecting multiple religious traditions was common in two cases. First, a number of SA respondents selected a combination of Hindu, Jain, Sikh, and Buddhist. These were categorized as ?other.? Second, many AIs identified with both Christianity and Traditional Native American Practice. These were categorized independently. In all, 16 religious affiliations are reported. Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2020 The Society for the Scientific Study of Religion",

year = "2021",

month = mar,

doi = "10.1111/jssr.12695",

language = "English (US)",

volume = "60",

pages = "198--215",

journal = "Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion",

issn = "0021-8294",

publisher = "Wiley-Blackwell",

number = "1",

}

Kent, BV, Davidson, JC, Zhang, Y, Pargament, KI, VanderWeele, TJ, Koenig, HG, Underwood, LG, Krause, N, Kanaya, AM, Tworoger, SS, Schachter, AB, Cole, SA, O'Leary, M, Cozier, YC, Daviglus, ML, Giachello, AL, Zacher, T, Palmer, JR & Shields, AE 2021, 'Religion and Spirituality among American Indian, South Asian, Black, Hispanic/Latina, and White Women in the Study on Stress, Spirituality, and Health', Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, vol. 60, no. 1, pp. 198-215. https://doi.org/10.1111/jssr.12695

TY - JOUR

T1 - Religion and Spirituality among American Indian, South Asian, Black, Hispanic/Latina, and White Women in the Study on Stress, Spirituality, and Health

AU - Kent, Blake Victor

AU - Davidson, James C.

AU - Zhang, Ying

AU - Pargament, Kenneth I.

AU - VanderWeele, Tyler J.

AU - Koenig, Harold G.

AU - Underwood, Lynn G.

AU - Krause, Neal

AU - Kanaya, Alka M.

AU - Tworoger, Shelley S.

AU - Schachter, Anna B.

AU - Cole, Shelley A.

AU - O'Leary, Marcia

AU - Cozier, Yvette C.

AU - Daviglus, Martha L.

AU - Giachello, Aida L.

AU - Zacher, Tracy

AU - Palmer, Julie R.

AU - Shields, Alexandra E.

N1 - Funding Information: This analysis was supported by a grant from the John Templeton Foundation and the Study on Stress, Spirituality, and Health (grant #59607). The Black Women's Health Study was supported by NIH grants UM1CA164974, U01CA164974, and R01CA058420. The MASALA Study was supported by NIH grants 1R01HL093009, 2R01HL093009, R01HL120725, UL1RR024131, UL1TR001872, and P30DK098722. The Nurses' Health Study II was supported by NIH grants U01 CA176726 and R01 CA163451. The Strong Heart Study was supported by NHLBI grants U01HL41642, U01HL41652, U01HL41654, U01HL65520, and U01HL65521 and research grants R01HL109315, R01HL109301, R01HL109284, R01HL109282 and R01HL109319. The Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos was supported by NHLBI grants N01HC65233, N01HC65234, N01HC65235, N01HC65236, N01HC65237, and HHSN268201300005C. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent official views of the National Institutes of Health. Funding Information: Data represent initial results of the baseline Spirituality Survey (SS-1) of the SSSH addressing differences in R/S practices, beliefs, and experiences among AI, SA, Black, Hispanic/Latino, and white women. The SS-1 was fielded in five U.S.-based NIH-funded cohort studies, with a total N of 3,602 for women across cohorts (SHS = 404, MASALA = 449, BWHS = 1005, HCHS/SOL = 635, NHSII = 1109). Notably, due to the gendered nature of religious practice (Avishai, Jafar, and Rinaldo 2015; Kent and Pieper 2019; Schnabel 2015; Sullins 2006) and the fact that NHS2 and BWHS are composed only of women, the present study focuses on the R/S of women only. Table S1 provides descriptive data for men in MASALA, SHS, and HCHS/SOL, and we encourage interested readers to examine it. Brief cohort descriptions and sampling information follow; the listed websites may be accessed for further details. SHS is one of the largest prospective cohort studies of AIs, and is focused on cardiovascular disease. In 2017?2018, participants for the SS-1 were drawn from the Dakotas region and had to be part of phase IV or V and must have completed the previous two rounds of data collection. Community workers held community events and reached out to SHS participants, most often conducting home visits to assist with completion of the SS-1. Religious comparison measures were not available for the larger cohort (strongheartstudy.org). MASALA examines risk factors for atherosclerosis among SAs, with participants drawn from the Chicago and the San Francisco Bay areas. To be eligible for MASALA, respondents must have had at least three grandparents born in India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal, or Sri Lanka. All participants (total cohort N = 990) were invited to complete the SS-1 in 2016?2018, and only one declined (masalastudy.org). BWHS began in 1995 to investigate breast cancer and other diseases that disproportionately affect Black women. In 2015, approximately 4,000 participants who had completed the most recent wave of data collection were invited to complete the SS-1; more than 2,400 women responded within the first 2 weeks of recruitment and enrollment was stopped. A random sample of 1,000 of these participants was included in SSSH. Comparisons to the full BWHS cohort indicate a high degree of comparability on available religious measures (e.g., religious attendance, degree of religious/spiritual person??see Cozier et?al. 2018). The sample represents a full range of socioeconomic levels and all geographic regions of the United States (bu.edu?bwhs). HCHS/SOL targets both immigrant and U.S.-born Hispanic/Latinos in four U.S. cities (total cohort N = 16,415), with the aim of assessing the role of acculturation in cardiovascular and related conditions disease etiology. To be eligible for the SS-1 at the time of collection in 2018?2019, participants had to be from the Chicago site, have completed the most recent round of data collection, and participated in HCHS/SOL's Sociocultural Ancillary Study (N = 900, response rate 754/900 = 83.8 percent). An additional 244 participants were recruited through letters sent to the broader sample of Chicago site participants (sites.cscc.unc.edu/hchs) to reach the desired study population of 1,000. The SSSH sample is generally comparable to the full HCHS/SOL cohort, though variations occur on the handful of comparison items available (i.e., the SSSH sample has a slightly higher proportion of religious affiliates, but attends religious services slightly less??see Lerman et?al. 2018). NHSII was established in 1989 among 116,429 women who responded to the baseline and subsequent biennial follow-up questionnaires to investigate risk factors for major chronic diseases in women, and is composed of nurses from 14 states who are predominantly white. R/S data collection occurred from 2015 to 2016, and eligibility included provision of at least two blood samples, being age 45?75 at the time of the most recent blood draw (2010?2013), completion of four questionnaires (2001 violence, 2008 trauma, and 2013 and 2015 main questionnaires), and no active participation in an ongoing ancillary study. Approximately the first 1,100 women who completed the survey were enrolled. Comparisons to the larger cohort indicate almost identical levels of religious service attendance (Spence et?al. 2020) (nurseshealthstudy.org). Selected demographic characteristics of SSSH participants included in this analysis are presented by racial/ethnic group in Table?1. The SS-1 includes both established and de novo measures developed with input from SSSH investigators, focus groups (drawn from Black, Hispanic/Latino, and AI participants), cohort PIs, and national R/S experts. The questionnaire was field-tested in each cohort, iteratively modifying language to address cultural expectations while maintaining item validity across cohorts. All survey items were prefaced with the following statement: ?These questions are being asked of people from different religious backgrounds, and although we use the term ?God? in some of the questions below, please substitute your own word for ?God? (e.g., Bhagwan, Allah, The Divine, etc.).? A subset of R/S items across conceptual themes was selected for this analysis. One item asked whether respondents identified themselves as: religious and spiritual, spiritual but not religious, religious but not spiritual, or neither spiritual nor religious. Another assessed the degree to which they considered themselves a religious or spiritual person.1Response categories for all items are summarized in the notes to Tables?2 and?3. Belief items assessed participants? level of agreement with several statements: ?I believe in life after death,? ?I believe that God exists,? (both de novo) and ?God's spirit dwells in my body? (Mahoney et?al. 2005). Seven items asked about frequency of participation in religious activities: service attendance, group prayer outside of service attendance, praying alone, etc. An additional item asked whether the respondent was ?a regular participant in a temple, mosque, gurudwara, church, or community dedicated to a specific spiritual leader.? Two items assessed congregational interactions, asking how often love and care was given to and received from members of the congregation (Krause 2002). One item asked how often people were criticized in their congregation (Sternthal et?al. 2010). Two items evaluated social services offered by the congregation. Among those who indicated belief in God, four items assessed perception of participants? relationship with God: ?God gives me the strength to do things I otherwise could not do myself,? ?God loves or cares for me unconditionally, in a way I could never earn,? ?Throughout my life, God has come through for me? (all de novo), and ?My relationship with God is what lies behind my approach to life? (Koenig and B?ssing 2010). Four items asked for level of agreement with varying aspects of forgiveness (Krause 2004). A fifth measure scaled two questions on feelings of gratitude (? =.80) from the Gratitude Questionnaire-6 (McCullough, Emmons, and Tsang 2002). A single item asked: ?To what extent is your religion or spirituality involved in understanding or dealing with stressful situations?? (Fetzer Institute 1999). Two subscales included eight positive coping items (? =.93) and six negative coping items (? =.77) from the Religious Coping Scale (Pargament, Koenig, and Perez 2000). Two items from the Religious and Spiritual Struggles Scale were assessed (? =.84) (Exline et?al. 2014), as were two items from the Religious and Spiritual Hope Scale (? =.93, de novo): ?In facing recent stressful events, ?I felt hopeful God would help me get through one day at a time? and ?I looked to my faith in God for hope about the future.?? Theistic and nontheistic subscales of the Daily Spiritual Experiences Scale (DSES) (Underwood and Teresi 2002) were used. Two items formed the theistic subscale (e.g., ?I desire to be closer to God,? ? =.83), while four items formed the nontheistic subscale (e.g., ?I am touched by the beauty of creation,? ? =.75). Items queried participants? religious tradition (including unaffiliated, agnostic, and atheist), with the option of selecting multiple traditions or writing in a tradition not represented. Categorization from first-order traditions was refined based on optional denominational write-ins. We began with the Steensland et?al. (2000) RELTRAD scheme, then branched out to additional religions (i.e., Hinduism, Traditional Native American Practice, etc.). Selecting multiple religious traditions was common in two cases. First, a number of SA respondents selected a combination of Hindu, Jain, Sikh, and Buddhist. These were categorized as ?other.? Second, many AIs identified with both Christianity and Traditional Native American Practice. These were categorized independently. In all, 16 religious affiliations are reported. Publisher Copyright: © 2020 The Society for the Scientific Study of Religion

PY - 2021/3

Y1 - 2021/3

N2 - Social scientists have increasingly recognized the lack of diversity in survey research on American religion, resulting in a dearth of data on religion and spirituality (R/S) in understudied racial and ethnic groups. At the same time, epidemiological studies have increasingly diversified their racial and ethnic representation, but have collected few R/S measures to date. With a particular focus on American Indian and South Asian women (in addition to Blacks, Hispanic/Latinas, and white women), this study introduces a new effort among religion and epidemiology researchers, the Study on Stress, Spirituality, and Health. This multicohort study provides some of the first estimates of R/S beliefs and practices among American Indians and U.S. South Asians, and offers new insight into salient beliefs and practices of diverse racial/ethnic and religious communities.

AB - Social scientists have increasingly recognized the lack of diversity in survey research on American religion, resulting in a dearth of data on religion and spirituality (R/S) in understudied racial and ethnic groups. At the same time, epidemiological studies have increasingly diversified their racial and ethnic representation, but have collected few R/S measures to date. With a particular focus on American Indian and South Asian women (in addition to Blacks, Hispanic/Latinas, and white women), this study introduces a new effort among religion and epidemiology researchers, the Study on Stress, Spirituality, and Health. This multicohort study provides some of the first estimates of R/S beliefs and practices among American Indians and U.S. South Asians, and offers new insight into salient beliefs and practices of diverse racial/ethnic and religious communities.

KW - Black Women's Health Study

KW - Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos

KW - Mediators of Atherosclerosis among South Asians Living in America

KW - Nurse's Health Study II

KW - Religion

KW - Spirituality

KW - Strong Heart Study

KW - Study on Stress

KW - and Health

UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85097883566&partnerID=8YFLogxK

UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/citedby.url?scp=85097883566&partnerID=8YFLogxK

U2 - 10.1111/jssr.12695

DO - 10.1111/jssr.12695

M3 - Article

C2 - 34012171

AN - SCOPUS:85097883566

SN - 0021-8294

VL - 60

SP - 198

EP - 215

JO - Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion

JF - Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion

IS - 1

ER -

Religion and Spirituality among American Indian, South Asian, Black, Hispanic/Latina, and White Women in the Study on Stress, Spirituality, and Health

Abstract

Keywords

ASJC Scopus subject areas

Access to Document

Other files and links

Fingerprint

Cite this