TY - JOUR
T1 - Respiratory colonization and short-term temporal changes in the urinary metabolome of children
AU - Ambroggio, Lilliam
AU - Florin, Todd A.
AU - Williamson, Kayla
AU - Pfefferman, Cory
AU - Wagner, Brandie D.
AU - Yeomans, Larisa
AU - Kim, Jae Hyun
AU - Sucharew, Heidi
AU - Macaluso, Maurizio
AU - Ruddy, Richard M.
AU - Shah, Samir S.
AU - Stringer, Kathleen A.
N1 - Funding Information:
Conflicts of Interest: L.A. has received research grant support through Children’s Hospital Colorado from Pfizer Inc. for an unrelated study.
Funding Information:
Funding: L.A. received funding from the National Institutes of Health (NIH), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), grant number K01 AI125413. T.A.F.’s efforts were supported by the NIAID, grant number K23 AI 121325. K.A.S.’s efforts were supported by a grant from the National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS), R01GM111400. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors, and does not necessarily represent the official views of the NIAID, NIGMS, or the NIH.
Publisher Copyright:
© 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
PY - 2021/8
Y1 - 2021/8
N2 - The human metabolome may vary based on age, over time, and in the presence of viral carriage and bacterial colonization—a common scenario in children. We used nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy to identify and quantify urinary metabolites of children without signs or symptoms of respiratory illness. A urine sample and two nasopharyngeal swabs were collected to test for respiratory viral pathogens and colonization by Streptococcus pneumoniae (Sp). Urine samples were collected at the initial visit, 24 h post-enrollment, and 10–14 days post-enrollment. Of the 122 children enrolled, 24% had a virus detected and 19.7% had Sp detected. Intraclass correlation coefficients demonstrated greater within-subject versus between-subject variability for all metabolites detected. In linear mixed models adjusted for age, time, history of asthma, Sp, and viruses, 1-methylnicotinamide was increased by 50% in children with Sp and decreased by 35% in children with rhinovirus/enterovirus. Children with Sp had 83% higher levels of trimethylamine-N-oxide compared with those without Sp. However, when adjusting for multiple comparisons, the association was no longer statistically significant. In conclusion, there appear to be short-term changes within the urinary metabolome of healthy children, but levels of metabolites did not statistically differ in children with viral carriage or Sp detected.
AB - The human metabolome may vary based on age, over time, and in the presence of viral carriage and bacterial colonization—a common scenario in children. We used nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy to identify and quantify urinary metabolites of children without signs or symptoms of respiratory illness. A urine sample and two nasopharyngeal swabs were collected to test for respiratory viral pathogens and colonization by Streptococcus pneumoniae (Sp). Urine samples were collected at the initial visit, 24 h post-enrollment, and 10–14 days post-enrollment. Of the 122 children enrolled, 24% had a virus detected and 19.7% had Sp detected. Intraclass correlation coefficients demonstrated greater within-subject versus between-subject variability for all metabolites detected. In linear mixed models adjusted for age, time, history of asthma, Sp, and viruses, 1-methylnicotinamide was increased by 50% in children with Sp and decreased by 35% in children with rhinovirus/enterovirus. Children with Sp had 83% higher levels of trimethylamine-N-oxide compared with those without Sp. However, when adjusting for multiple comparisons, the association was no longer statistically significant. In conclusion, there appear to be short-term changes within the urinary metabolome of healthy children, but levels of metabolites did not statistically differ in children with viral carriage or Sp detected.
KW - Healthy
KW - Metabolome
KW - Nuclear magnetic resonance
KW - Pediatric
KW - Rhinovirus/enterovirus
KW - Streptococcus pneumoniae
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U2 - 10.3390/metabo11080500
DO - 10.3390/metabo11080500
M3 - Article
C2 - 34436441
AN - SCOPUS:85111752433
SN - 2218-1989
VL - 11
JO - Metabolites
JF - Metabolites
IS - 8
M1 - 500
ER -