Risk Factors for Depression Among Middle-Aged to Older People Living With HIV in Lima, Peru

Virgilio E. Failoc-Rojas; Dan Tong Jia; Marcela Gil-Zacarias; Alana Latorre; Robinson Cabello; Patricia J. Garcia; Monica M. Diaz

doi:10.1177/23259582241273452

Risk Factors for Depression Among Middle-Aged to Older People Living With HIV in Lima, Peru

Virgilio E. Failoc-Rojas, Dan Tong Jia, Marcela Gil-Zacarias, Alana Latorre, Robinson Cabello, Patricia J. Garcia, Monica M. Diaz^*

^*Corresponding author for this work

Neurology

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

Abstract

Introduction: Depression is prevalent among aging people living with HIV (PLWH) worldwide. We sought to identify depression risk factors among a group of middle-aged and older PLWH in Lima, Peru. Materials and Methods: We assessed risk factors for depression among PLWH over age 40 receiving care in an HIV clinic in Lima, Peru. The Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) was administered. We performed descriptive statistics and logistic regression analyses. Results: Mean age was 51.7 ± 7.7 years with 15.3% females. One-quarter of participants had depression with higher frequency in females. Risk factors that significantly increased the risk of depression included female sex (adjusted prevalence ratio [aPR] = 2.19 [95%CI 1.07-4.49]), currently smoking (aPR = 2.25 [95%CI 1.15-4.43]), and prior opportunistic infection (aPR = 2.24 [95%CI 1.05-4.76]). Discussion: Our study demonstrates that PLWH who are female, current smokers, or had an opportunistic infection have higher risk of depression. Identifying PLWH at-risk for depression is key to early mental health interventions.

Original language	English (US)
Journal	Journal of the International Association of Providers of AIDS Care
Volume	23
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1177/23259582241273452
State	Published - Jan 1 2024

Funding

The authors disclosed receipt of the following financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article: This project was supported by the Fogarty International Center of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) under Award Number D43TW009343 and the University of California Global Health Institute (UCGHI). Dr Diaz is currently funded by the NIMH, Alzheimer's Association and the American Academy of Neurology. We would like to acknowledge staff and patients of Via Libre in Lima, Peru. We would like to thank the biostatisticians at UNC, Dr Quefeng Li and Mr Longfei Zhang for reviewing the statistical analyses in this study. The authors disclosed receipt of the following financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article: This project was supported by the Fogarty International Center of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) under Award Number D43TW009343 and the University of California Global Health Institute (UCGHI). Dr Diaz is currently funded by the NIMH, Alzheimer's Association and the American Academy of Neurology.

Keywords

depression
Latin America
Patient Health Questionnaire-9
people living with HIV
Peru
risk factors

ASJC Scopus subject areas

Immunology
Dermatology
Infectious Diseases

UN SDGs

This output contributes to the following UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

Access to Document

10.1177/23259582241273452

Cite this

@article{1bcb8cf90cb446839ea514b47d3b85e8,

title = "Risk Factors for Depression Among Middle-Aged to Older People Living With HIV in Lima, Peru",

abstract = "Introduction: Depression is prevalent among aging people living with HIV (PLWH) worldwide. We sought to identify depression risk factors among a group of middle-aged and older PLWH in Lima, Peru. Materials and Methods: We assessed risk factors for depression among PLWH over age 40 receiving care in an HIV clinic in Lima, Peru. The Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) was administered. We performed descriptive statistics and logistic regression analyses. Results: Mean age was 51.7 ± 7.7 years with 15.3% females. One-quarter of participants had depression with higher frequency in females. Risk factors that significantly increased the risk of depression included female sex (adjusted prevalence ratio [aPR] = 2.19 [95%CI 1.07-4.49]), currently smoking (aPR = 2.25 [95%CI 1.15-4.43]), and prior opportunistic infection (aPR = 2.24 [95%CI 1.05-4.76]). Discussion: Our study demonstrates that PLWH who are female, current smokers, or had an opportunistic infection have higher risk of depression. Identifying PLWH at-risk for depression is key to early mental health interventions.",

keywords = "depression, Latin America, Patient Health Questionnaire-9, people living with HIV, Peru, risk factors",

author = "Failoc-Rojas, {Virgilio E.} and Jia, {Dan Tong} and Marcela Gil-Zacarias and Alana Latorre and Robinson Cabello and Garcia, {Patricia J.} and Diaz, {Monica M.}",

note = "Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} The Author(s) 2024.",

year = "2024",

month = jan,

day = "1",

doi = "10.1177/23259582241273452",

language = "English (US)",

volume = "23",

journal = "Journal of the International Association of Providers of AIDS Care",

issn = "2325-9574",

publisher = "SAGE Publications Inc.",

}

TY - JOUR

T1 - Risk Factors for Depression Among Middle-Aged to Older People Living With HIV in Lima, Peru

AU - Failoc-Rojas, Virgilio E.

AU - Jia, Dan Tong

AU - Gil-Zacarias, Marcela

AU - Latorre, Alana

AU - Cabello, Robinson

AU - Garcia, Patricia J.

AU - Diaz, Monica M.

N1 - Publisher Copyright: © The Author(s) 2024.

PY - 2024/1/1

Y1 - 2024/1/1

N2 - Introduction: Depression is prevalent among aging people living with HIV (PLWH) worldwide. We sought to identify depression risk factors among a group of middle-aged and older PLWH in Lima, Peru. Materials and Methods: We assessed risk factors for depression among PLWH over age 40 receiving care in an HIV clinic in Lima, Peru. The Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) was administered. We performed descriptive statistics and logistic regression analyses. Results: Mean age was 51.7 ± 7.7 years with 15.3% females. One-quarter of participants had depression with higher frequency in females. Risk factors that significantly increased the risk of depression included female sex (adjusted prevalence ratio [aPR] = 2.19 [95%CI 1.07-4.49]), currently smoking (aPR = 2.25 [95%CI 1.15-4.43]), and prior opportunistic infection (aPR = 2.24 [95%CI 1.05-4.76]). Discussion: Our study demonstrates that PLWH who are female, current smokers, or had an opportunistic infection have higher risk of depression. Identifying PLWH at-risk for depression is key to early mental health interventions.

AB - Introduction: Depression is prevalent among aging people living with HIV (PLWH) worldwide. We sought to identify depression risk factors among a group of middle-aged and older PLWH in Lima, Peru. Materials and Methods: We assessed risk factors for depression among PLWH over age 40 receiving care in an HIV clinic in Lima, Peru. The Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) was administered. We performed descriptive statistics and logistic regression analyses. Results: Mean age was 51.7 ± 7.7 years with 15.3% females. One-quarter of participants had depression with higher frequency in females. Risk factors that significantly increased the risk of depression included female sex (adjusted prevalence ratio [aPR] = 2.19 [95%CI 1.07-4.49]), currently smoking (aPR = 2.25 [95%CI 1.15-4.43]), and prior opportunistic infection (aPR = 2.24 [95%CI 1.05-4.76]). Discussion: Our study demonstrates that PLWH who are female, current smokers, or had an opportunistic infection have higher risk of depression. Identifying PLWH at-risk for depression is key to early mental health interventions.

KW - depression

KW - Latin America

KW - Patient Health Questionnaire-9

KW - people living with HIV

KW - Peru

KW - risk factors

UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85201192990&partnerID=8YFLogxK

UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/citedby.url?scp=85201192990&partnerID=8YFLogxK

U2 - 10.1177/23259582241273452

DO - 10.1177/23259582241273452

M3 - Article

C2 - 39140382

AN - SCOPUS:85201192990

SN - 2325-9574

VL - 23

JO - Journal of the International Association of Providers of AIDS Care

JF - Journal of the International Association of Providers of AIDS Care

ER -

Risk Factors for Depression Among Middle-Aged to Older People Living With HIV in Lima, Peru

Abstract

Funding

Keywords

ASJC Scopus subject areas

UN SDGs

Access to Document

Other files and links

Fingerprint

Cite this