TY - JOUR
T1 - Role of mitochondrial oxidant generation in endothelial cell responses to hypoxia
AU - Pearlstein, Daryl P.
AU - Ali, Mir H.
AU - Mungai, Paul T.
AU - Hynes, Karen L.
AU - Gewertz, Bruce L.
AU - Schumacker, Paul T.
PY - 2002
Y1 - 2002
N2 - Endothelial cells increase their secretion of the cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6) during hypoxia, which then acts in an autocrine fashion to increase the permeability of cell monolayers. These responses are attenuated by antioxidants, suggesting that reactive oxygen species (ROS) participate in signaling in hypoxic endothelium. We tested whether mitochondria are responsible for these ROS in human umbilical vein endothelial cells exposed to hypoxia. Oxidation of the probe 2′,7′-dichlorodihydrofluorescein to fluorescent dichlorofluorescein or the probe dihydroethidium was used to assess oxidant signaling, whereas permeability was assessed by using transendothelial electrical resistance. Hypoxia elicited increases in dichlorofluorescein and dihydroethidium fluorescence that were abrogated by the mitochondrial electron transport (ET) inhibitors rotenone (2 μmol/L) and diphenyleneiodonium (5 μmol/L). The same ET inhibitors also attenuated hypoxia-induced increases in nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) activation, although they did not abrogate NF-κB activation in response to endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide). ET inhibition also abolished the hypoxia-induced increases in IL-6 mRNA expression, hypoxia- stimulated IL-6 secretion into the media, and the hypoxia-induced increases in transendothelial electrical resistance of human umbilical vein endothelial cell monolayers. By contrast, the above responses to hypoxia were not significantly affected by treatment with the NAD(P)H oxidase inhibitor apocynin (30 μmol/L), the xanthine oxidase inhibitor allopurinol (100 μmol/L), or the NO synthase inhibitor N-nitro-L-arginine (100 μmol/L). We conclude that ROS signals originating from the mitochondrial ET chain trigger the increase in NF-κB activation, the transcriptional activation of IL-6, the secretion of IL-6 into the cell culture media, and the increases in endothelial permeability observed during hypoxia.
AB - Endothelial cells increase their secretion of the cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6) during hypoxia, which then acts in an autocrine fashion to increase the permeability of cell monolayers. These responses are attenuated by antioxidants, suggesting that reactive oxygen species (ROS) participate in signaling in hypoxic endothelium. We tested whether mitochondria are responsible for these ROS in human umbilical vein endothelial cells exposed to hypoxia. Oxidation of the probe 2′,7′-dichlorodihydrofluorescein to fluorescent dichlorofluorescein or the probe dihydroethidium was used to assess oxidant signaling, whereas permeability was assessed by using transendothelial electrical resistance. Hypoxia elicited increases in dichlorofluorescein and dihydroethidium fluorescence that were abrogated by the mitochondrial electron transport (ET) inhibitors rotenone (2 μmol/L) and diphenyleneiodonium (5 μmol/L). The same ET inhibitors also attenuated hypoxia-induced increases in nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) activation, although they did not abrogate NF-κB activation in response to endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide). ET inhibition also abolished the hypoxia-induced increases in IL-6 mRNA expression, hypoxia- stimulated IL-6 secretion into the media, and the hypoxia-induced increases in transendothelial electrical resistance of human umbilical vein endothelial cell monolayers. By contrast, the above responses to hypoxia were not significantly affected by treatment with the NAD(P)H oxidase inhibitor apocynin (30 μmol/L), the xanthine oxidase inhibitor allopurinol (100 μmol/L), or the NO synthase inhibitor N-nitro-L-arginine (100 μmol/L). We conclude that ROS signals originating from the mitochondrial ET chain trigger the increase in NF-κB activation, the transcriptional activation of IL-6, the secretion of IL-6 into the cell culture media, and the increases in endothelial permeability observed during hypoxia.
KW - Human umbilical vein endothelial cells
KW - Ischemia
KW - Microcirculation
KW - Reactive oxygen species
KW - Signal transduction
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U2 - 10.1161/01.ATV.0000012262.76205.6A
DO - 10.1161/01.ATV.0000012262.76205.6A
M3 - Article
C2 - 11950692
AN - SCOPUS:0036121596
VL - 22
SP - 566
EP - 573
JO - Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology
JF - Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology
SN - 1079-5642
IS - 4
ER -