Abstract
Newton’s centuries-old wisdom of standing on the shoulders of giants raises a crucial yet underexplored question: Out of all the prior works cited by a discovery, which one is its giant? Here, we develop a discipline-independent method to identify the giant for any individual paper, allowing us to better understand the role and characteristics of giants in science. We find that across disciplines, about 95% of papers appear to stand on the shoulders of giants, yet the weight of scientific progress rests on relatively few shoulders. Defining a new measure of giant index, we find that, while papers with high citations are more likely to be giants, for papers with the same citations, their giant index sharply predicts a paper’s future impact and prize-winning probabilities. Giants tend to originate from both small and large teams, being either highly disruptive or highly developmental. Papers that did not have a giant tend to do poorly on average, yet interestingly, if such papers later became a giant for other papers, they tend to be home-run papers that are highly disruptive to science. Given the crucial importance of citation-based measures in science, the developed concept of giants may offer a useful dimension in assessing scientific impact that goes beyond sheer citation counts.
Original language | English (US) |
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Pages (from-to) | 319-330 |
Number of pages | 12 |
Journal | Quantitative Science Studies |
Volume | 3 |
Issue number | 2 |
DOIs | |
State | Published - Jun 22 2022 |
Funding
This work is supported by Air Force Office of Scientific Research under award nos. FA9550-15-1-0162, FA9550-17-1-0089, and FA9550-19-1-0354.
Keywords
- citation network
- cocitation
- science of science
- scientific impact
ASJC Scopus subject areas
- Analysis
- Numerical Analysis
- Cultural Studies
- Library and Information Sciences